He observes:

Every birth is a hygienic regeneration. The constitutional defects. which degenerate parents transmit to their offspring are modified by the bequests of an older world.

Where the septum of the nose is observed to be even with the alæ or wings, we shall find, first, an organism with a small liver, or an inert condition of the liver, together with a steadily-increasing tendency to melancholy as age advances; also, oft-recurring bilious diseases. In such individuals, the mind reverts to disease, disaster, death, and similar gloomy subjects. They can see no hope in anything. Every business enterprise is in their minds foredoomed to failure. They hardly think it worth while to commence any project, so certain are they of non-success. The only remedy for these victims to an inherited weak liver is an active, stirring life, a dietary suited to their condition,-abstention from sugar,-together with plenty of active out-door exercise, and the companionship of the joyous, cheerful, and light-hearted. This course may not completely eradicate the abnormal tendency toward melancholy, but will make life more enjoyable, more useful, and successful.

The localizing of the principal facial sign for the liver is noteworthy. Its position between the local signs for the heart and lungs (wide nostrils) teaches us somewhat of its physiological relations, inasmuch as the action of the heart and lungs is greatly assisted by the action of the liver, and as all these organs are so placed and connected in the body as to mutually assist each other, so we find in the intimate placing of their signs in the face a remarkable proof of Nature's method of throwing out physiognomic signals which are confirmed by both logic and observation.

Temporary disorders of the liver result in gloomy, depressed conditions of the mind, while restoration of its functions brings a return of the usual cheerfulness. So different are the mental effects of a disordered liver from those produced by a diseased heart or lungs that medical writers in all ages have noted them, yet have failed to connect them with physiognomical signs. Of the differences in mental states induced by disorders of these different organs, Dr. Maudsley observes:

I come now to the thoracic organs. The heart and the lungs are closely connected in their functions so that they mutually affect one another. Some diseases of lungs greatly oppress and trouble the heart, yet there is reason to believe that they have their special effects upon the mind. How, indeed, can we think otherwise when we contrast the sanguine confidence of the consumptive patient with the anxious fear and apprehension exhibited in some diseases of the heart.*

* Body and Mind, Henry Maudsley, M.D., p. $5.

The following, previously quoted from Dr. Maudsley, is to the point, and I here reproduce it in order to emphasize the intimate relation existing between the function of the liver and the mental sentiment of Hope. He remarks:

Anger, disappointment, and envy notably touch the liver, which in its turn, when deranged, engenders a gloomy tone of mind, through which all things have a malignant look, and from which, when philosophy avails not to free us, the restoration of its functions will yield instant relief.*

A good, clear, fresh-colored complexion is one sign of the presence of Hope. It is incumbent upon us, if we would enjoy this truly religious sentiment, that we study and work to prevent clogging of the biliary system, for hopelessness and dejection are opposed to a truly religious state of mind. Hope in the future is an especial attribute of the religious belief of all civilized religions; some savages even share with the most advanced races this universal sentiment of a blissful future state as the inheritance of the righteous, and, as, I have shown, Hope is a sentiment which not only assists us in combating disease, making health more firm and sure, promoting longevity, but also carries forward the mind to higher and more exquisite enjoyments of anticipation in the contemplation of scenes of heavenly rest, purity, and progression. In these sentiments it seems to me all right-minded and benevolent persons must share, whether Christian, Hebrew, Pagan, Agnostic, Spiritualist, or Liberalist. The following poem expresses the Indian's belief in the future, and proceeds from a development of the faculty of Hope:

'I go to the Isles of the Great Manito,

Whose shores through the mist I distinguish e'en now;

I shall hunt in the mountains and fish in the streams

Of the land that I often have seen in my dreams.

There shall I hold in my fondest embrace
The braves and the chiefs of my nation and race;
They shall applaud me, and welcome their son,
And boast of the heroic deeds he has done.

Spirit of evil, thou never canst go

To the far, happy land of the Great Manito;
Spirit of evil-spirit of pain—

Farewell-we never shall meet again."

There is in the above as fine expression of future rewards and enjoyments as is to be found in the beliefs of the most advanced religionists.

There is every reason to believe that Hope as a sentiment assists in prolonging life, while at the same time it looks for a future state of happiness. The faces of nearly all of the aged

* Body and Mind, Henry Maudsley, p. 38.

whom I have observed have the sign for Hope and the liver well defined. How can it be otherwise when we see how essential to good health is the continued activity of the liver.

Hope is a sustainer of life and health by causing the mind to continually anticipate good results, and by preventing the mind from apprehending disasters. This thought is well expressed in the following:

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'Had some good angel op'd to me the book
Of Providence and let me read my life,

My heart had broke when I beheld the sum
Of ills which one by one I have endured."

All the conditions of life require and must have in them a large share of the element of Hope. This is as true of our pleasures in anticipation as it is of business enterprises, intellectual labors, artistic successes, and domestic durability. The business man needs its inspiring influence to buoy him up when putting his thousands into a business venture, yet he must have a balance of the practical faculties and reason, in order that he shall not be too sanguine of success in face of improbabilities; and if business reverses come, and all seem lost, Hope comes to the rescue and puts him on his feet again, and anticipates better fortune next time.

As an active liver keeps the brain clear and unclouded, it gives a sense of power and a desire for enterprise,-for pushing ahead in adventurous schemes. An active liver clears the brain to the extent of causing one to be inventive, ingenious, and fertile in resources. Not only is this remarked in business men, but it is pre-eminently the attribute of artists, writers, sculptors, actors, and the creative classes generally. Large Hope assists the dominant tastes and faculties, whether these faculties tend to art, science, or commerce. Hope is one of the impelling forces in discoverers, navigators, travelers, and adventurous spirits, who are always looking for

"Some happy island in the watery waste,"

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and often find what is desired through the exercise of that perseverance which Hope has inspired. Hope tells a flattering tale," and if they fail in one enterprise they see something just as alluring in the next one, and, whether it be California gold or South African diamonds, they always see a fortune just ahead to be had for the taking. It is sad, however, to see one unbalanced by excessive Hope, for this leads to failure and disappointment. Those who have an excess should take counsel of more practical persons, and have for a partner one who has a balanced degree of reason and experience.

The physiognomies of the majority of successful artists, actors, merchants, and leaders of great enterprises exhibit large Hope.

Those whose Hope is greater than Caution, with deficient Practicality, rush into wild speculations, and of course meet with heavy losses or disasters. Those possessed of large Hope, Selfesteem, and Approbativeness, together with good reasoning faculties, are capable of great enterprises, and will take hold resolutely and carry the work through; with large Acquisitiveness, they will lay successful plans for money-getting; and with Hope allied to Conscientiousness, Credenciveness, and Veneration, they will exhibit great religious and moral character, and will look forward to a future state of enjoyment with an unfaltering confidence.

Whatever trait is useful and ennobling to the human race has its place in the physiognomy, and sets a sign of beauty there. The sign for the liver and Hope causes the outline and proportions of the nose to be more beautiful than where it is lacking. The noses of most eminent writers, artists, poets, and enterprising persons generally present this peculiar formation of the septum of the nose. The numerous classic works of art in paintings and statuary exhibit this formation. The masters of art, taking their models from the most talented people, of course found this peculiarity present, and reproduced it without understanding either its mental or physiological significance and importance. In this instance, art-beauty and scientific beauty are in accord.

Examine the countenances of Julius Caesar, general; Sarah Siddons, actress; Arkwright, inventor; Lavater, physiognomist; Canova, sculptor; Adam Smith, philosopher; the first Duke of Marlborough, warrior and statesman; Sir Isaac Newton, scientist; Sir Matthew Hale, jurist; Thomas Jefferson, statesman; Thomas Moore, poet; Corneille, poet; William Blake, painter, and we shall find that they all exhibit the sign for Hope. There are thousands of other eminent men and women whose countenances indicate its presence. Let the reader make observation of large numbers, and note among his acquaintances those possessed of great Hope, and he will observe its accompanying physiological and mental peculiarities.

The faculty of Hope is shared with the animal kingdom, as their acts testify. They are capable of expectation, both of rewards, pleasures, and punishments. Dogs look forward to the return of their masters and anticipate their approach with every demonstration of delight, and exhibit their sense of Time, also, by going a distance in the direction from which they usually

return.

ANALYSIS.

Definition. The ability to separate, classify, and suggest changes and note differences. Analysis, according to Webster, is "the tracing of things to their source and the resolving of knowledge into its original principles." It tends to practicality, ingenuity, invention, resource, and fertility of expedients.

An excess gives a tendency to be hypercritical, captious, and fault-finding without reason.

A deficiency is shown by inability to separate, classify, and re-arrange ideas and principles, also the elements and constituents of literary, musical, and art ideas; and in mechanics it shows by failure to comprehend the elements of mechanical forces and their combinations and effects.

Facial and Bodily Signs.-The presence of good analytical ability is shown by the drooping downward of that portion of the nasal septum just forward of and adjoining the principal mental sign for Hope, that is to say, the centre of the nasal septum. Another and a secondary sign is shown by a slightly receding forehead, together with a high and relatively long nose. Although many musical noses are short, yet they indicate the sort of analysis adapted to the comprehension of musical laws and principles. Mechanical analysis is best developed in those in whom the bony system is slightly in the ascendency, combined with a good muscular development. Analysis of a practical phase is also observed where the bony system is one of the dominant systems. The physiognomies of Porta, Julius Cæsar, Byron, Dickens, Shakespeare, and Sir Walter Scott exhibit large Analysis. The sign for Analysis lies close to the sign for the liver and thus indicates its origin. Where the septum does not project below the alæ or sides of the nostrils it denotes a torpid liver and a deficiency of analytical

power.

DESCRIPTION OF ANALYSIS.-The ability for analyzing is universal in civilized races and not lacking in the animal. It endows the character with the ability to suggest inventions, improvements in art, mechanism, music, human nature, and literature. It assists the chemist, the mathematician, and astronomer. It is accompanied by a fertile, suggestive, criticizing mind, and is ever ready with expedients and resources. Its action is affected by the development of the liver, yet not in the same degree as is Hope. The physiognomies of La Place, Dr. John Hunter, Dr. Jenner; Canova, the sculptor; Sarah Siddons, actress; and Roebling, engineer, all exhibit this sign well defined. The faces of thousands of others eminent in all the active walks of life bear the facial record of