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the nervous system. Driving, rowing, swimming, and all athletic sports assist in developing courage and give force and decision to the character. Associating with the strong and courageous is another method of imparting confidence to the irresolute. It engenders a desire to imitate, and, as the weak admire the strong, they will endeavor to follow their example if thrown constantly in their society.

It is a law of human nature that all admire most those qualities in others in which they are themselves deficient. I have known many weak and timid women become expert and courageous horsewomen by practicing driving, when formerly they had suffered tortures in a short drive for fear of some accident. Nothing overcomes fear as thoroughly as experiment and intelligent comprehension of the nature of the thing feared. Children are often injured beyond recovery by forcing them into the water against their wish. When it is desired that they should be taught bathing and swimming they should be allowed to enter and leave the water at their own pleasure, and gradually, by easy stages, they will lose all fear of it, particularly if they enter with more courageous children. They should never be "ducked" to furnish amusement for some "tease," who thinks it great fun to hear the poor little things scream. Such methods are criminal, and should never be pursued with timid children. Frightening them by bug-a-boo stories also increases their fear and induces nervous disorders.

A good, sound whipping as a punishment hurts a child far less than threatening them with mysterious and occult beings, or shutting them up in dark rooms, for these methods have been known to produce convulsions and loss of reason. The force of example is well illustrated in the conduct of two mothers whom I knew in my childhood. One, on the approach of a thunderstorm, took her children out upon the porch and watched with great enjoyment its approach, and entered the house only when driven in by the rain. They all seemed to derive great pleasure from the scene. The other mother, on the approach of a storm, gathered her children together in an agitated and terrified manner and plunged them between feather beds under the mistaken notion that "lightning never strikes feathers." They would remain thus half stifled and emerge weak and trembling only after the storm had passed. The children of the latter family upon reaching adult life pursued precisely the same methods in their families, and thus trained their children to be cowards instead of training them to be

courageous.

Shyness is one manifestation of Cautiousness. A sensitive,

nervous system by its keenness of sensation causes one to be careful and watchful of dangers, and also promotes care for health through dread of suffering.

Slyness is often caused by extreme Caution, and is cultivated in children by injudicious methods of discipline, by too many penalties, and by constant threatenings for all sorts of small offenses. Secretive children are also sly, but this is spontaneous and inherent, while many children are made sly by their parents' threats of penalties and constant fault-finding.

The normal action of Cautiousness is manifested in the highest degree by persons possessed of good intellects and practical faculties. In the faces of such persons will be observed length, breadth, and height of the nose. In these cases Caution takes on its highest phase of action, and a common-sense view of affairs is exhibited, and reason, judgment, and prudence preside over all their mental processes.

When Caution is indicated in an individual as a compensation for the lack of some other important faculty, decision and judgment will be less promptly manifested, hence all the acts will be slower and more uncertain, and as great a measure of success as in the former cases must not be expected. An excessive length of nose in relation to the other features denotes excessive Caution, and also shows it to be the compensation for the absence of some other faculty. By observing the relative proportions of the features this deficiency can be easily discovered. In some subjects it is caused by deficient Self-esteem. In these cases a short upper lip will disclose the reason. In other characters there may be deficient Conscientiousness. A narrow chin will reveal this want. If Reason is feeble the nose will not be broad and high, but may be high, thin, and narrow, especially at the "bridge.'

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Absence of the practical faculties is often shown by a compensatory degree of Caution. Where a knowledge of human nature is deficient, Cautiousness is often present and protects the character from too great confidence in others; hence, suspicion is the result and thus acts the part of protector; or, if Friendship be lacking, reserve and guardedness in dealing with others will be displayed. In some instances, where the brain is very large and slow in its action (by reason of smallness of the thoracic system), the mental processes are correspondingly feeble and dull of apprehension. Here Caution comes in and assists the character by its prudential outlook, and thus averts and avoids dangers by that slowness of mind and body which is at the same time a failing and a compensation. Self-control and self-denial, restraint and prudence are the results of a normal, balanced degree of Caution.

Rashness, imprudence, and foolishness show the lack of this most useful trait.

Definition.

"Reader, attend! whether thy soul
Soars fancy's flights beyond the pole,
Or darkling grubs this earthly hole,
In low pursuit,

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Know, prudent cautious self-control
Is wisdom's root."-BURNS.

HOPE.

Anticipation, expectation, joyousness, confi

dence, cheerfulness, buoyancy of spirits, belief in future success

FIG. 64.-ELLEN TERRY. (ACTRESS.)

Born in England, 1848. Conspicuous facial sign, Hope, shown by downward projection of the septum of the nose. The law of the curve and straight line governs this face. The dominant expression of this countenance is sharpness, keenness, penetration. The signs for Firmness, Conscientiousness, Love of Home, Patriotism, Economy, and Benevolence are exceedingly well defined. Love of Young and Amativeness are conspicuous. The nose exhibits the signs for Hope, Analysis, Ideality, Mental Imitation, and Human Nature highly developed. Constructiveness, Acquisitiveness, Veneration, and Self-will are marked. Observation, Form, Size, and Language are large, and altogether combine to produce a first-class artistic mind. The quality is exceedingly fine.

and advantages, prospective good, inclination to believe and work on in spite of innumerable obstacles.

An excess imparts enthusiasm and gives belief in impracticable plans and projects; inclines one to speculations, and "sees millions" in every invention and enterprise in which one becomes interested.

A deficiency causes lack of success, hopelessness, melancholy, gloomy thoughts, and dejection, and is often accompanied with liver complaint, and tends to dementia, insanity, and suicide.

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Facial and Bodily Signs.-The most prominent facial sign for Hope is the downward projection of the septum of the nose below the alæ, or wings of the nostrils. Brightness of the eyes; bright, clear-colored, and fresh complexion; full cheeks, plump body, springy step, vivacious and cheery manner are also indications of the presence of Hope and are caused by activity of the liver. Drooping of the corners of the mouth, dullness of the eyes, together with a thick skin and muddy complexion, point to enfeebled action of the liver and a consequent deficiency of Hope. Where the septum does not project below the alæ, or where it

recedes above the sides of the nostrils, we have an unfailing indication of a weak and torpid liver, together with a mind tinctured with hopelessness and despondency. The modifying effects of Mirthfulness and Approbativeness often assist this condition and partially neutralize its depressing influence.

DESCRIPTION OF HOPE.-The methods formerly employed by sentimentalists in treating of the affections, emotions, and passions in a poetic, romantic, and metaphysical manner have led to most erroneous ideas in regard to the origin and physiological basis of mental powers. To those who have been accustomed to view the mind, with its numerous powers and passions, such as love, hope, imagination, etc., as an entity separate from the body and connected with another vague entity termed the "soul," floating about somewhere in space, the connection of the emotions and passions with physical organs will seem like sacrilege. To this class let me state that a thorough analysis of natural laws will alone free them from this error, and the poetic flights of the rhapsodist upon the nature of love, hope, etc., will not seem half as enchanting as a cool, keen, scientific analysis of these traits. It is easily demonstrated that Hope is most largely developed in those who possess a vigorous and normallyacting liver. Where this viscus is normally active the eyes are bright, the skin clean and clear, the voice cheerful, the brain active and analytic (according to the grade of intellect manifested in each individual), the step brisk, and the disposition hopeful and confident and ready to attempt any difficult project. Hope is a grand sustainer of life, and when we transmit to offspring a vigorous, normal liver we endow them with a precious inheritance.

FIG. 65.-PAUL GUSTAVE DORÉ. (HISTORICAL
AND ALLEGORICAL PAINTER.)

Born in France, 1833. Principal facial sign, Hope, shown by downward projection of the septum of the nose. The law of the straight line and curve governs this countenance. The social faculties are well represented in this face. Alimentiveness, Hospitality, Friendship, Approbativeness, Love of Home, and Patriotism are all well defined. In the nose the signs for Hope, Analysis, Sublimity, Ideality, Mental Imitation, Human Nature, Constructiveness, Acquisitiveness, Veneration, Executiveness, and Self-will are highly developed; while Prescience, Credenciveness, Observation, Form, Size, Color, Calculation, Locality, Order, Intuition, Artistic Judgment, and Reason are exhibited in a talented degree. Doré was one of the most original, weird, awful, quaint, and prolific of artists. The hair, by its form and manner of growth, denotes artistic capacity. The quality is very fine.

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Hope buoys up the mind under adversities and troubles of all sorts and shows a silver lining to every cloud. It makes one believe in "a good time coming," and thus encouraged one works with a will, and hence is enabled to bring about just the state of affairs hoped for. Hope is noticeable in the physiognomies of most very aged persons. It directly promotes longevity, not only by the vigorous action of the liver, but by the sustaining power of its associated sentiment, which is ever pointing onward and upward. Hope is most decided in the countenances of all eminent artists, actors, poets, littérateurs, and inventors. In disease no faculty so sustains and encourages the patient, and in this manner an active liver and the sentiment of Hope together are instrumental in promoting recovery. In fact, the action of every well-developed organ is remedial, not only by reason of its physiological action, but also through its effect upon the mind,—a reciprocal action which is now getting to be better understood than formerly. The science of physiognomy teaches that if we would live more nearly in accord with hygienic law we should have very little use for doctors. This faculty and function can be kept in a normal condition by an intelligent and persevering course of diet and sensible modes of dressing. Sufficient fruit-juices should be taken into the stomach, and sugar, except as found in fruits, grains, and vegetables, should be avoided. Then, too, the clothing should be sufficiently loose and easy in order to give the lungs, heart, and liver room for needed expansion. We can no more induce a hopeful, cheerful state of mind by inculcating hopefulness as a duty than we can become truly conscientious by studying truth as a moral sentiment merely, without regard to the condition of the liver and kidneys. Conscientiousness proceeds from a well-developed and normally-acting kidney system, and Hope from a well-developed liver. If we attend to the physiology of these two organs, I fully believe that the associated sentiments of Conscientiousness and Hope will take care of themselves, and evolve a moral and hopeful disposition as a consequence of healthy and normal action and development. Man is certainly created perfect, or we should have no normal type or standard of any organ or function. The imperfections we observe are all of man's creating, caused either by willful or ignorant violations of natural physiological laws. If it were not for the action of a law which endeavors to make each newly-created being return to a normal standard, the race would have run out and become extinct ages ago-through an aggregation of diseases and misuse of the organs.

Dr. Felix Oswald happily expresses this law in the following words.

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