arched, and the forehead in front inclined more to a perpendicular than to a receding outline. The faculty of Force, which we are now considering, is the base of mental courage, but not of moral courage. The latter resides in the integrity of the osseous system, while intellectual courage proceeds from a good development of the brain assisted by the muscular system. Physical courage is the direct product of a fine development of the muscular system. That this is so is evidenced by the muscular powers of the athlete and prize-fighter, the oarsman, sea-captain, sharpshooter, and ball-player. All these classes possess coolness in danger, and resolution, as well as prompt action in sudden crises, such as accidents on sea or land, in panics and riots. Many steamship engineers and sea-captains are of the muscular build, being relatively short, broad, and round. These men exhibit great coolness, resolution, promptness of action, and possess other qualities of a social and domestic nature which inhere in the muscular system. How useful the faculty of Force is to men of mental powers is well illustrated in the following from the pen of Dr. Cross. He remarks: Thus we see that whatever slight advantages Nature may bestow in pity upon the weak and timid, yet the courageous and the strong are the favorites to whom she has intrusted the intellectual concerns of the world. Courage is as necessary to the direct promotion of science as to its indirect promotion by the acquirement of plentiful supplies of food and the maintenance of personal safety; for a timid philosopher is as unfit for the pen as is a timid soldier for the sword.* The right development of the muscular system should be considered a religious duty. Lack of Force endangers and shortens life, reduces the mental powers to a minimum, makes cowards and sneaks, creates timid, sickly children and inefficient fathers and mothers. I have been much interested in watching the conduct of little girls trained in a gymnasium. I find that, although of tender years, they possess great coolness when in unsafe positions, and that they are ready with trained brain and muscles to jump out of, or off from, any place which seems to them to be dangerous; and this they do promptly and without direction, gauging by the trained eye the distance to jump, and in this way their courage, will-power, coolness, self-possession, and strength are enhanced a thousandfold. They form a decided contrast to those children who, untrained, timid, and irresolute, when placed in danger either become * An Attempt to Establish Physiognomy on Scientific Principles, John Cross, M.D., p. 146. maimed or lose their life, owing to their defective muscular power and feeble will. All children should be thoroughly trained in gymnastics. More especially should girls be thus trained, for all may become wives and mothers, and certainly development of the muscular powers is one of the most essential conditions for motherhood. A resolute will is most important in the rearing of children; through lack of this faculty and of necessary force in the mother, many a bright boy has gone down to perdition, wrecked by the soft-headed, soft-hearted, emotional mother, without power enough to enforce the slightest law or command. Our penitentiaries are recruited more from the ranks of those who have been spoiled with overindulgence than from those who have been reasonably disciplined by parents possessed of some strength of mind and force of character. Had I a weakly, timid, vacillating child I would have it trained systematically in a good gymnasium. If there was none convenient I would have a horizontal bar erected out of doors, and compel daily, systematic practice upon it. Parents can procure works at any book-store on the subject, with description of exercises and plates of apparatus for the same. These exercises assist in developing spirit and courage as well as lung-power, and this tends directly to mental power. Were I called upon to advise how to strengthen a feeble brain I should advise systematic exercise in gymnastics and elocution. No course of study can give that vigor to the thoughts and brain which development to the muscular system imparts, but the greatest improvement is manifested when the lungs are strengthened and enlarged by long-continued breathing exercise, by rowing and swimming, etc. The practice of elocution is another most excellent way to impart force and vigor to the timid and diffident. Where Force is present in a large degree, it is exhibited by a clear, positive, and ringing enunciation. It is one of the finest traits for an orator or public speaker to possess. Indeed, all artists, as well as scientists and mechanics, depend upon a good degree of Force to carry forward their operations. The teacher must possess a fair degree of Force to be able to enforce law and to inspire his pupils with respect for his management. Children instinctively feel the want of or the possession of power in a teacher and conduct themselves accordingly. Force gives vim, energy, and spirit, and these assist the teacher's efforts in imparting knowledge, and in keeping the children's interest aroused. A dull, listless, inert manner in a teacher nullifies in a measure his educational efforts. An unbalanced degree of Force is quite as disastrous in its effects upon the human family as its normal action is beneficial. Unbridled, unrestrained passion, which is so often observed in very muscular people, leads to terrible crimes, to cruelty, revenge, suicide, and murder. Those who possess a quick and violent temper should guard against its excess, and compel the intellect to govern by deliberately planning, while in a cool mood, to suffer wrong rather than allow the temper to get the upper hand. The evil effects wrought upon the system by overindulgence of passion are terrible to contemplate, for violent passion often leads to disorders of the heart, apoplexy, and other distressing complaints. On the contrary, weakness of Will, or lack of Force, leads one to accept imposition without resisting it, and such persons often suffer great pecuniary loss rather than stand up and contend for their rights, and often act a part which seems mean, cowardly, or criminal rather than force themselves to do what should be done. Those deficient in Force often agree to what their sense of right and reason declare to be improper because they cannot oppose and give a decided negative, while those possessed of a great degree of this faculty speak out in a most decided and spontaneous manner, and often intrude their feelings and convictions in a way more vigorous than elegant. resonance. A large degree of Force gives to the voice clearness and The reason of this is obvious, for all of the parts of the organism involved in the production of tone are within the muscular system; hence, where this system predominates clear and forcible enunciation will be exhibited, as muscle not only assists language but is indicative of the presence of will-power. The English are a muscular race, and are noted for the mellow, clear, and decided tones of their voices. They speak in chest-tones. The American, less well endowed with muscle, speaks in a high nasal or head-tone. So surely does the build of the body give quality to the speech that a good observer may not only name the nationality from the tones of the voice, but should also be able to describe existing mental and pathological conditions from hearing one speak. Not only this, but, conversely, he should be able to describe the dominant systems of the speaker and the form or outline of his body from the tones of his voice. Color is of great service in determining in what degree Force will be exhibited. Where this faculty is large and the color of the hair and eyes dark or black, the temper will be hot, quick, and often ungovernable, and be long in subsiding when once aroused; with a like degree of muscular development where the color of the hair is light, the eyes bluc, and the skin white and red, the temper will be less violent and more easily controlled. The chemical law that intense color and great heat are always to be found associated applies to the human organism as well as to all other departments of Nature. Yet white heat indicates a higher temperature than red heat, and those who turn white under the influence of rage are most to be dreaded. Not only will they be more dangerous to others, but their excess of force will react upon themselves, and often result in serious consequences to their health. Red-haired persons, possessed of large Force, will, if aroused, exhibit very sudden and violent passion, yet it will subside as quickly. Combinations with other traits reveal how Force acts in different individuals. Those with large Conscientiousness and large Force will defend the right and oppose wrong conduct and measures with vehemence and power; with large Approbativeness, will stand up for reputation; with large Love of Young, will defend children with spirit and ardor, not only their own children but those needing a protector. I was once walking in the street with a lady possessing both these faculties in a large degree, when suddenly we heard the loud screams of a child issuing from a dwelling near by. The lady with me immediately went into the house without invitation and confronted a mother with an uplifted whip, chastening in an unreasonable manner her daughter, a girl of a dozen years of age. My friend commanded her to cease, and took the whip from her hands, and by talking quieted her rage, and by a judicious course of argument with her got her cooled down to reason, and discovered that this most terrible punishment was the penalty for a very slight offense. The mother exhibited dark complexion and possessed more Force than parental love, while the child's defender was a lighter woman with a good deal of Force and courage, yet with larger parental love than the mother, although not a mother herself. In this case, Force combined with parental love (which is also a force) sufficed to quell a violent and dangerous temper. All faculties are forces. Each faculty sends out a positive force, and manifests its power through the perfection and vigor of the several organs of the body, or by means of the development of the bones, the nerves, the muscles, etc. The more perfect their development, the more powerful their action. Those with large Force and small Caution are rash, foolhardy, love quarreling, and are always in fights and disputes. Short-nosed persons, with a moderate or large muscular system, if possessed of dark hair and eyes, are quarrelsome, rash, and heedless; always in trouble of some sort and are constantly antagonizing all about them. And this same forceful rashness leads them into acts which often eventuate in ill health. Those who possess small Force should never attempt business requiring nerve, push, and pluck, for they cannot stand opposition and rebuffs. They are too weak to succeed except in the most sheltered positions, and always need an overseer; and are incapable of taking a commanding position. And this suggests the necessity of building up in youth a good muscular system by methodical exercise of all the muscles of the body. Girls and women can gain strength by housework, if not too laborious, while boys can conserve health by chopping wood, scrubbing floors, weeding the garden, and by cleaning the stable and yard. All these works are good for girls and boys, yet no exercise will compare in efficiency with systematic gymnastic training under an intelligent teacher. Systematized exercise develops equally all of the muscles, while many pursuits develop one set of muscles and leave the rest unused. RESISTANCE. Definition.-Aggression, opposition, argument, courage, bravery, endurance; love of violent amusements, such as athletics, etc. An excess results in bullying, useless argument, scolding, idle contention, teasing, fighting, revenge, and brutality. Those possessing an excess are characterized by coarse skin and coarse hair. A deficiency renders one timid, weak, spiritless, and incapable of self-defense, and creates a fretful, whining, complaining disposition. Facial and Bodily Signs.-A large, round nose; large nostrils; curving of the lower jaw-bone; rounding out of the sides of the forehead; compressed mouth and closed teeth while in action; short, wide teeth, and tushes. The bodily signs are shown by a short, thick neck; general development of the round muscles, more particularly in combination with square bones. This affords the best structure, both for aggression and defense. The signs for capacity for mental resistance are shown by large size of the nose and general outward curving of the lower jaw, and prominent chin, as observed in the faces of eminent orators and reformers. The physiognomies of Mirabeau, French orator, and of Frederick Le Maitre, French actor, are excellent illustrations of the sign for mental resistance. DESCRIPTION OF RESISTANCE.-This faculty, like all the others found in the human organism, is difficult to designate completely by any single word in our language. Sometimes it shows itself by a combative disposition; at others, by resisting assaults, by |