has left a white cicatrix that this part reddened when under the influence of rage. We have no evidence that dogs and other animals do not blush under their skins, like the negro, under excitement.

Poets in all ages have sung of the potent effects of blushing as evidence of modest, chaste, and youthful feeling. The phrases, "blushing bride," "the blushing maiden," "the youth flushed with innocence," etc., show us that this particular form of sensibility has been looked upon as expressive of the more youthful and innocent feelings of humanity, and the face that cannot change somewhat in color, upon great provocation, expresses either an unfeeling or an unthinking character.

FORCE.

Definition.-Physical strength, physical courage, boldness, spontaneous resistance, opposition, resentment, strong or passionate temper, decided will, coolness in danger, self-protection, spirited conduct and language. Force, combined with Conscientiousness and Intellect, creates Executiveness.

An excess leads to undue use of the muscular system, as in athletics, etc., which tends to shorten life. Unbalanced by Caution it creates rashness and causes wanton destruction, wars, murder, quarreling, fighting, bickering, scolding, teasing, and tantalizing language.

A deficiency creates timidity and cautiousness, and causes weakness of will and spirit. Those thus characterized will use very mild language, will be entirely too meek and humble, and unable to resent wrongs by forcible words or blows.

Facial and Bodily Signs.-The principal facial signs of Force are large, convex eyes; round or oval face, large mouth, heavy and wide lower jaw, wide nostrils, square jaws, strong and square bones; low, broad forehead; round head, heavy eyebrows, an abundance of coarse hair, and round, muscular ears setting well out from the head. The bodily signs are shown by broad shoulders, thick neck; rounded, muscular limbs; muscular hands, broad chest; short, thick feet; arched instep. There are several sorts of Force, one class shown by strong and square bones, together with strong muscles; another variety is shown mainly by muscular development.

DESCRIPTION OF FORCE.-The normal use of the faculty of Force is exhibited in constructive energy, yet it is also the power used by man to destroy as well as to rebuild. Its origin and main base of supply is the muscular system. Within this system there are more than five hundred single muscles, and in the face thirty

six pairs and two single muscles. This great number of facial muscles assist all the expressions of Force, rage, and destruction, which are often seen in action in the human countenance, in motion, and in language of a forcible, energetic, or belligerent nature; hence, this faculty is not limited to one single sign, but is manifested by means of the entire muscular system, and this includes the involuntary muscles, such as the heart and stomach, as well as the voluntary muscles which are found in every part of the body. The only method by which we can understand the operation and effect of Force in the human body and face is by the investigation of the muscular system. We are thus enabled to understand how so great a variety of movements and expressions can be produced by the movements of the facial muscles alone, while movements of the muscles of the trunk, limbs, and hands reveal other peculiarities of this faculty. The rounding outline of the individual in whom Force is pre-eminent announces his ability for useful, constructive operations, as well as his capacity for destruction. The faculties in combination will decide

which direction this trait will take.

Those possessed of round muscles are the most vigorous, efficient, and powerful in action, whether in work, play, love, or fighting, and this formation of the muscles rounds out not only the sides of the head above the ears, where the "organ" of Force is said by phrenologists to be located, but it also rounds out the head at the base of the brain, where another "organ" is said to be located, viz., Amativeness. Now, Amativeness and Force are both the best developed in muscular persons, and more particularly in those who possess round muscles, and this peculiar formation of the muscular system rounds out every part of the human body; not only the head and ears, but also the nose, the limbs, the fingers, the body, and neck, so that a glance at any one portion of the frame in which round muscles are dominant will reveal the construction of all parts, and also denotes the presence of Force, Amativeness, Constructiveness, and many other muscular traits.

Force is one of the most essential faculties of the human and animal organisms. Its adaptation is primarily to the destruction of beasts for food, to fishing and hunting, to obtain the means of subsistence; also to the building of habitations. Without this forceful, destructive tendency humanity could not progress, as, for example, in the blasting of rocks, levelling roads, cutting canals, and in all the operations essential to the progressive development of the country, all of which involve destruction before the process of building can be commenced.

Force has its mental use as well as physical aspects, and the energy which springs from a fine development of the muscular

FIG. 56.-JOHN L. SULLIVAN. (CHAMPION PUGILIST.)

Born in America. Conspicuous facial and bodily sign, Force, shown by large nose, large eyes, curving jaw, ears standing well out, broad and deep chest; strong. large bones, and general development of the muscular system. The law of the straight line and curve governs this face. The signs for Firmness, Patriotism, Love of Home, Love of Young, Approbativeness, Resistance, Color, Amativeness, and Sanativeness are well defined. Human Nature, Hope, Veneration, Executiveness, and Self-will are also large; while Form, Size, Locality, Observation, Calculation, Practicality, and Memory of Events show a mechanical cast of mind. The dimpled chin shows appreciation of the beautiful of the opposite sex.

system is just as essential to the preacher or moral reformer as it is to the laborer. Martin Luther, whose portraits exhibit this faculty in a high degree, had need of great physical force and

courage to promulgate and enforce the doctrines of the Reformation. Gough, the eminent temperance lecturer, was a man of powerful physique, which enabled him to set forth in an emphatic manner his moral precepts. No development of the brain purely will afford the strength necessary to carry forward great mental labor, and all men, whether in the pulpit, in the reform field, on the platform, or stage, require a large development of muscle in order to impart heat, ardor, and enthusiasm to their hearers and followers, for, as I have shown, these traits are evolved from the muscular system, and are exhibited most decidedly by those in whom this system

is dominant, or one of the dominant systems. Henry Ward Beecher was an excellent illustration of this class of enthusiastic, muscular men. He was able not only to enlighten his hearers by his mental powers, but also had the ability to arouse their enthusiasm

to a very high pitch. Daniel Webster, the renowned orator, possessed this faculty largely, and his fine muscular build contributed to make his mental efforts more effective.

Men with large brain of high quality are often able to write well, yet no man deficient in muscle is able to excite feeling and enthusiasm in his hearers, or to lead a great reform in the

FIG. 57.-ARCHIBALD FORBES. (AUTHOR AND
JOURNALIST.)

Born in Scotland. Noted for his bravery as a warcorrespondent. Conspicuous facial and bodily sign, Force, shown by large, convex eyes, wide mouth, square jaw, energetic expression, large and high nose, large nostrils, broad shoulders, deep and broad chest, strong bones, well-knit muscles. The law of the straight line, square, and angle governs this face. The signs of a venturous, courageous nature are manifest in this countenance. Conscientiousness, Firmness, Patriotism, Love of Home, Benevolence, Approbativeness, and Friendship are decided traits. So, also, are Human Nature, Hope, Analysis, Mental Imitation, Constructiveness, Acquisitiveness, Veneration, Executiveness, Self-will, Form, Size, Locality, and Calculation.

face of violent opposition. Moody and Sankey, the popular evangelists, are largely indebted to the development of the muscular system for their power to awaken the interest of the masses,-the one by his voice in oratory, the other by his voice in singing; both of these gifts are derived from the action of the muscles of the larynx and of the limbs and hands in gestures. Their capacity to excite faith in their followers proceeds from the magnetic influence of their muscular systems, and the method which they pursue in converting the masses proves that they depend more upon appeals

to the imagination, credenciveness, and faith of their hearers than to appeals to their intellect and intelligence. Now, magnetism is a real, tangible force evolved from the muscular system, and is quite as marked and telling in its effects upon the minds of people as is a blow upon the body.

The primary aspect of Force is, as has been seen, physical merely, and is of the greatest importance in this department. Its secondary aspect is mental, and here too it is of great benefit to mankind. A large brain (no matter how high its quality), without good muscles and lungs, is a positive detriment to its possessor, for one thus endowed has not the power to enforce his thoughts nor strength to sustain that continuous, mental labor which is required by those who would gain a livelihood by the intellect alone. The sensitiveness and timidity of such persons, together with their pale and bloodless countenances, narrow shoulders, and small hands and limbs, are proof positive to the beholder that they will never lead the world in thought or action.

When we consider the fibrous nature of certain parts of the brain-structure, as observed in the dura mater and other portions, we would naturally infer that a large development or fine quality of the muscular system would lend force, vigor, and spontaneity to the mental operations of those thus endowed. . This is, in fact, what we do observe in all men of talent in whom the brain system is assisted by a good muscular system. The fibroid nature of the dura mater reveals the fact that they all rely upon muscular or fibroid substances in the brain for power and strength of their intellectual processes, but, when Nature has endowed a man with a good brain development and also with an excellent muscular system, it can be readily seen what an advantage, this combination would impart to his mental labors. It is reasonable to suppose in this case that the fibroid nature of the dura mater would not only be of a stronger but denser quality than if the muscular system were deficient. Other portions of the brain are of a fibroid nature, and when these are of a superior quality the operations of thought should exhibit greater vigor than if these portions were constructed of a weaker quality of muscular tissue.

The faces of all talented divines, poets, artists, architects, inventors, orators, warriors, and men of action generally, disclose many of the facial signs for the muscular system. These classes are characterized by a thick neck, fullness of the eyes, thickness of the muscle at the junction of the nose with the forehead (sign for Self-will-this sign is one of the most pronounced signs of the muscular system), curving outward of the lower jaw-bone, and width of the nose just above the ala; the eyebrows somewhat