means. Too much love, like all excesses, breeds inharmony. There are more inmates of the State prison and penitentiaries who have been spoiled by indulgence than by the severity of their parents. In the early. days of this republic, when a sense of religious duty and responsibility to God for their conduct influenced both parents and children, there was a much smaller number of people confined for crime. In those days obedience to parents was enforced, not only by precept and example, but was re-inforced by wholesome discipline and restraint. Many parents refrain from correcting their children for fear they will lose their affection. Moderate and reasonable discipline and penalties for broken laws always seem right to those children who have a fair degree of Conscientiousness, but to the child in whom Will is dominant anything which opposes his desire seems an injustice. Of such children I would say to parents, Endeavor to level up other traits to the height of their will; encourage them to reason upon the wrong and right of every question that comes up, and endeavor to develop their sense of justice, friendship, and filial affection in order that their will shall not be their master. Endeavor so to train the child that love, reason, and justice shall have a balancing effect upon the character. Never "break a child's will," but train it, so that it shall be the servant instead of the master. A good, strong, welltrained will is an excellent element, and will assist one's material interests. Whatever faculty is found in excess in a character was placed by design, in order to assist a defect in some other direction. It should be the duty of parents to find out these defects, and by all means in their power endeavor to establish a balance or equilibrium, for equilibrium is the law of the universe and must prevail, or chaos and suffering will result.

The love of young does not necessarily impart a tone of general kindness to the individual. General kindness proceeds from benevolence, sympathy, or from friendship. Many persons and races manifest great fondness for their offspring, yet are unkind and even cruel to adults. Spurzheim observes of this trait:

It produces only sympathy for young, not general tenderness, for the New Zealanders are ferocious, yet both parents are much attached to their young, and submit to all the inconveniences of bringing them up amidst privations and hardships of every kind. And ferocious tigers and hyenas are as fond of their young as the gentlest and most docile of animals.

This trait is perhaps the strongest one in the human mind,-at least, in mothers. The reason for this is obvious. It is her privilege to nourish and train the young, hence Nature has especially adapted her, mentally as well as physically, for this work. Amativeness is man's strongest propensity, and this powerful

emotion in him is subject to many changes; but maternal love is the most enduring affection on earth. This intensity and fidelity on the part of the mother is necessary in order that she shall be willing to undergo the pain and privations necessarily connected with child-bearing and the rearing of infants. In the great plan and design of the human mind this love for offspring was made the supreme maternal faculty. Without this supremacy of maternal love humanity would cease to be perpetuated, for lack of the care essential to the rearing of infants. As a rule, parents are best adapted to rear their own offspring, because long acquaintance with the same elements of character in their own families will give them some insight into the characters of their own children; yet in many cases children can be better brought up by strangers, if the parents are overindulgent or too neglectful.

The two functions of gestation and lactation, which are peculiar to women, and for which man has none that are analogous, show her to be possessed of a superiority of mind in this direction, at least; for, if we adhere to the theory laid down in scientific physiognomy, viz., that there is a mental faculty emanating from each physical function, we must conclude that woman possesses, both in number and quality, more mental faculties than man— that in certain developments of mind she is his superior. How true this is, the training and rearing of the offspring by woman clearly show. This exercise of authority gives her peculiar fitness for participating in government, for the women of the world have served a long apprenticeship in this science, in having governed all the children of all the world up to the time of their majority. Imperfect as may have been her management, yet this experience has fitted her for government quite as well as the father, who takes very little active part, comparatively, in the government of his children. And this practice woman has had since Eve began to "raise Cain," and made such a signal failure with his character. Man should no longer be willing to deprive himself of woman's assistance in governmental affairs, since he deems her insight into character so much superior to his own, by not only trusting her to rear his children, but by giving her the charge of their education as well; for nearly all girls and boys are educated by female teachers; and women have been found capable of pursuing every mental profession which men follow. Even such abstruse professions as law, mathematics, medicine, and theology are practiced by women in a very creditable manner in various parts of our country.

Maternal affection, being the most powerful passion of woman's nature, is in danger of being carried to too great an excess, and thus defeat its best purposes. To make idols of children is to

degrade their nature as well as that of the worshiping mother. Idolatry has a weakening and selfish influence upon children, and often leads them to neglect and despise the mother, instead of reverencing her. Indeed, there is too little reverence for age in our American children, who should be trained to respect the physical helplessness of old age, as well as the wisdom and ripe experience which most old people acquire. Too little attention is paid to this most important part of character-building. To me there is something inexpressibly sweet and tender in the character of an aged grandmother, whose mind and thoughts go out entirely to her children and her children's children; yet many children are permitted to treat their grandparents in a rude and disrespectful

way.

There are very few children who can be governed by love alone, and parents who make the character-building of children a serious matter will find that every element in human nature must be brought into activity if they would build wisely and with power. One must not only appeal to love, but to reason and conscience, to patience and approbativeness, to friendship and faith, and indeed one must, like a skillful musician, learn to touch every chord in a child's nature, if he would awaken the most beautiful harmonies. Man can no more live upon love alone than he can exist upon bread alone; hence, obedience, prompt and implicit, should be demanded by all parents from their children, and the training in this direction should commence in the cradle. Every good result will follow this course, if pursued judiciously. There are more children spoiled and made wretched, useless, and unhappy by too much love and foolish fondness, than by too great severity.

MIRTHFULNESS.

Definition.-Love of amusement, humor, wit, ridicule, and jesting; joyousness; love of the ludicrous, of satire, and goodnatured sarcasm; joviality, festivity, hilarity, vivacity, gayety, gladness, and facetiousness, all proceed from this faculty as a base.

An excess causes ill-timed mirth and folly, and makes the character light and trifling. It creates levity, and weakens the sense of propriety, if too freely indulged.

A deficiency of mirth and humor is shown by melancholy, unhappiness, and ill health, and sometimes leads to insanity and suicide.

Facial and Bodily Signs.-The most pronounced signs of Mirthfulness are found about the mouth and eyes. Dimples or wrinkles at the corners of the mouth are the primitive signs, and are derived from development of the glandular system. Upward

curving of the corners of the upper lip; full, moist lips; large, bright eyes; wrinkles running outwardly from the corners of the eye, and dimples in various parts of the body; a rounding head, and forehead rounding laterally; dimpled hands, a muscular body, and limbs with small, round bones and round muscles, are the best adapted to playful, sportive mirth.

DESCRIPTION OF MIRTHFULNESS.-The faculty of Mirthfulness is almost universal. It is well marked in the higher animals, not only in their early years, but also in the adult stage. This faculty

FIG. 36.-ELIZA COOK. (POETESS.)

Born in England, 1817. The law of the curve and straight line governs this face. Conspicuous facial sign, Mirthfulness, shown by dimples at the corners of the mouth, wrinkles at the angles of the eyes. The countenance of Miss Cook smiles all over. The eyes, mouth, dimpled cheeks, and curling hair all announce a merry, witty, fun-loving disposition. The domestic signs are all apparent,-Love of Home, of Country, and of Young. Hospitality, Mirthfulness, Benevolence,

Approbativeness, Friendship, Modesty, and Self-esteem nose, eyes, and forehead are equally developed. Mental

are very decided. The signs of literary ability in the

Imitation, Analysis, Ideality, Sublimity, Constructiveness, Color, Acquisitiveness, Self-will, Language, and Memory of Events find or derive a strong support from the fine domestic base which this face discloses. The author of "The Old Arm-Chair" shows her developed domestic nature in this celebrated poem.

being universal would point
to a primitive function as
its source, and accordingly
we find its local signs in
the face, mainly about the
mouth, which is the most
important sign for digestion
and the most primitive of
all the functions. The
dimples near the corners
of the mouth are caused
by excess of glandular for-
mation at those points, and
the principal sign being
located in glandular tissue
proves its glandular origin.
The love of laughter,
mirthfulness, and jollity de-
pends upon, primarily, a
well-nourished body.
Spare, pinched,

starved

looking people seldom
laugh, but look solemn,
and probably feel solemn
and woe-begone. In order
to feel merry, the juices of
the body, eliminated from

the food by the function of digestion, must be of sufficient quantity to warm the body to that degree that it produces bodily comfort, such as to induce laughter and merriment. This comfortable and well-nourished condition fills out the contour of the body with soft, adipose tissue, and thus causes dimples, not only in the cheeks near the mouth, but, as is often seen in well-nourished infancy, all over the body, as well as on the limbs, the fingers, and the toes.

MIRTHFULNESS.

Although it is claimed by many naturalists that animals do not laugh, I maintain that they do laugh in their own peculiar fashion, just as they express all their feelings and intellectual processes, in their own way. Dogs grin and laugh, and their eyes glisten, their bodies squirm, and they whine and howl with delight upon seeing some beloved human friend. They act also for the amusement of their friends, and play tricks and little comedies, The faculties of Mirthand behave in a very "waggish" manner. fulness and Love of Young are most decided in many of the canine tribes. Their love for chil

dren is remarkable, and, looking at the gambols of a group of boys, with a dog in company, one would suppose that the dog believed himself to be one of them, and a very important member of the company, too.

There are several departments of Mirthfulness, for this trait, like all facul ties, has many aspects. The physiological or anatomical phase must first be considered in order to arrive at its origin, for without knowing the origin or base of a faculty it is impossible to get a scientific or truthful analysis of it.

FIG. 37.-DAVID G. FARRAGUT. (VICE-ADMIRAL
OF THE AMERICAN NAVY

Born in America, 1801. Conspicuous facial sign, Mirthfulness, shown by dimples and wrinkles at the corners of the mouth and outer angles of the eyes. Wit, fun, and mirth are displayed in unmistakable symbols all over this kindly face. The domestic traits are well illustrated here,-Love of Young, Amativeness, Love of Home. Patriotism, Hospitality, Firmness, Conscientiousness, Benevolence, Selfesteem, Approbativeness, Color, and Modesty are equally powerful, while Cautiousness is normal, and Locality, Sanativeness, Form and Size, Language, Constructiveness, Memory of Events and Reason are pre-eminent. His energetic conduct and devotion to the Union cause in the late war won for him grateful recognition from the government of the United States, which created for him the above rank.

The love and desire to laugh is the primitive phase veneration, Executiveness, Self-will, Observation, of Mirthfulness, as is evidenced by laughter being the form of mirth which infants and young children make most use of. Later, after the muscular system comes into activity, the muscles assist, in games, romps, and sportiveness, this primitive phase of the fun-making propensity. Where there is a good combination of the glandular system, together with a fine development of the muscles, a very high grade of fun-making ability is manifested, not only in games and sports, but in athletics as well. If to this combination a suitable brain system is allied, the highest talent for wit, story-telling, writing for children, and creating comic scenes and amusing and ingenious jokes will be present.