more easily acted upon than bone, and the physiognomical sign of love will be found in the muscles of the face, just as love is found more largely developed in emotional, muscular people. Muscular, dimpled chins, it is true, disclose love signs. They also show relatively less firmness. A dimpled chin tells us that the muscular system is in the ascendency, or that it is one of the principal systems in the persons exhibiting it; while prominent and broad, bony chins announce the dominance of the osseous system, together with the accompanying traits of Firmness and Conscientiousness. Bone shows more of integrity and endurance; muscle, more of the will, of art capacities, and affectional nature. Length of chin indicates perseverance and calm, firm, persistent action, rather than what is termed "will-power." This exhibits itself in sudden outbursts of violent temper, and as suddenly subsides. The long, broad and fleshy, vegetative chin must not be confounded with the former. Its indications are quite different, for the latter usually denotes commonplace or stupid minds. This distinction must be thoroughly understood. The nature of bone, like that of rock, offers a steady resistance and pressure, and large firmness is the result of a large development of the bony system. Muscle has a reactive property, and Will-power is based on and exhibited by muscular movements purely, just the same as are most of the other

emotions.

Firmness is one of the most sustaining powers of the mental as well as physical organization. In long-continued illness, as well as in the severe crises of disease, no faculty, not even Hope, so sustains and upholds the patient. Anomalous as it may seem, it conquers by submitting and enduring. It gives the power for selfcontrol and self-denial, which are so essential in every enterprise where success is desired; and Self-control is almost an omniscient faculty. Use it as we will, whether to stem the course of a disease and oppose steadily by firm and reliant will, or whether in a battle for human rights in the great reforms which shake the world to its centre, or whether used in pushing forward great, material enterprises, this faculty is the one of all others most needed.

The world is plentifully supplied with geniuses without Firmness, who, through lack of this faculty, will never be heard of a's such. Examine the faces of all men and women who have led the world in great moral or material movements, and we shall find in every instance a full development of Firmness. A person must be possessed of the most transcendent genius to achieve a name and success without a fair share of this characteristic. There may be such, but I have never observed a physiognomy of any one who has by personal merit achieved great success

in life who was greatly deficient in this strong and enduring trait. Great and powerful as this trait is, it must be balanced by reason and conscience to make it most effective, else it degenerates into obstinacy, which is allied to stupidity, as in the ass and mule; or savage ferocity, as in the bull-dog. All faculties need balance to make them of the highest efficiency, and all well-balanced characters require sufficient stability and continuity of purpose to make them harmonious and beautiful.

The signs for Firmness may be seen all over the individual in whom the osseous system is supreme. Yet one of the most reliable facial signs is the one given in the length of the chin or lower jawbone. A good physiognomist may tell, by the enlarged joints of the fingers and by the projection of the wrist-joints, or by the bony ankle, projecting heel, or long, narrow, and flat foot, that Firmness is present, for these are all signs of the supremacy of the bony system, and this trait is one of its chief attributes.

The faculty of Firmness is exhibited in all of Nature's works; in the unyielding positions of the rocks and trees; in the steady, persistent action and movement of the heavenly bodies, as well as in the fixedness of the laws rgulating the seasons and the tides; and all the constantly recurring natural phenomena tell us that Firmness is in harmony with those natural and eternal principles which have their foundations in the very nature of the universe.

There are varying degrees of Firmness observable in different characters. Some faces exhibit very little of the power to stick to anything, while others disclose a force in this direction most extraordinary. Where this trait is well developed, in combination with "Self-will," the character will be most unyielding, obdurate, and impossible to change, and unless accompanied with other controlling and modifying traits, such as Benevolence, Conscientiousness, or a strong affectional nature, the character will be irremediably hard and tyrannical. Fortunately, we rarely find this combination.

Those undertaking a serious study of physiognomy must learn to calculate the degree of control which each development of this trait will have upon other faculties in combination in every case observed. A good, broad, and long, bony chin may be covered by and surrounded with fat, and, in this case, Firmness will be tempered by the softer feelings, and, if the individual is very fat, the quality of Firmness will be modified; the activity of this faculty will not be so great as where there is much less fatty tissue, for a great mass of fat impedes and puts obstacles in the way of persistent, plodding methods. All these various differences in combination must be observed and summed up in the reading of a character before a true and just verdict can be rendered.

THE FACULTY OF ECONOMY.

Definition.-Frugality; saving, prudent, and common-sense use of materials, strength, and time; judicious expenditure of money; wise plans for managing the household or business in such a manner as to live within one's means; opposed in its nature and action to both parsimony and extravagance.

The physiological action of Economy is shown by a wellnourished body, which contains a sufficient store of vital materials

FIG. 20.-LUCRETIA B. MOTT. Principal facial sign of Economy, development of adipose tissue under the chin and lower cheeks. The law of the straight line and square governs this face. This modest and intellectual face discloses the faculty of Economy. All womanly traits are exhibited in this countenance.

ment.

A deficiency of Economy tends to prodigality,

Mrs. Mott was noted for her humanity, dissipation, injudicious use of money, time, and opportunities, and a want of appreciation of all the conservative forces of life, such as friends, home, and health; for he who has not sufficient wisdom to

intellect, sympathy, oratory, and modesty. As a valiant reformer, her balanced judgment made her a true conservator of all her resources: her Conscientiousness led her to value time, opportunity, talent, friends, and money, and by carefulness in the use of all these she had plenty to share with others. The signs of Conscientiousness, Firmness, Mirthfulness, Friendship, Language, Veneration, Executiveness, Reason, and Benevolence are all large. Her style of argument in speaking was clear, logical, and persuasive. She was a noted anti-slavery orator, and a pioneer advocate of woman's equality, and was a cousin of Benjamin Franklin.

conserve his means usually lacks ability to protect his health, or to value friends and worldly opportunities.

Facial and Bodily Signs.-The physiological base of Economy is found in the action of the glandular system, which stores up adipose tissue for any unusual demand which may be made upon it; hence, the most decisive signs are shown by the development of that tissue in close contiguity to the mouth and chin. One very noticeable sign is the "dew-lap," a peculiar fold of fat and muscle under the chin, so called from its resemblance to the

neck of the cow and ox, whose well-stored bodies show the saving, storing principle of physical economy. Other facial signs of the saving disposition are known by fullness of the cheeks below the signs for Alimentiveness. These signs point to the physical phase merely of this faculty. One very conspicuous mental sign is seen in a slight projection forward of the chin, also in width of its bony structure. A well-nourished and well-balanced body is a secondary sign, while a thin, impoverished body, with a shriveled, pinched, wrinkled and juiceless-looking face, denote a lack of this most useful trait. The physiognomies of many great misers present this appearance. The lack of sustaining power in the bodily functions. deprives them of good,

sound judgment in regard to the care and use of their bodies; hence, they starve themselves under the mistaken notion that they are saving something.

Another facial evidence of the presence of the saving faculty is shown by a small, narrow mouth, with the upper canine teeth overlapping, as seen in the rat, the squirrel, and other rodents. This form of feature denotes both the acquisitive and saving propensities. It discloses the desire to gain by littles, sometimes dishonestly or by begging or hinting, etc., as well as by the love of hoarding up all sorts of

Principal facial sign, Economy. The law of the square, straight line, and true curve governs this face. Benjamin Franklin was noted for his large Conscientiousness, Reason, and Patriotism. His balanced intellect led him to be a great economist both in small and great matters. His signs for Economy, Love of Home and of Young are well defined. Friendship, Self-esteem, Language, Mirthfulness, Executiveness, Self-will, Analysis, Reason, and Constructiveness are very large. He was an inventor, a good mechanic, a discoverer, a fine statesman and writer, a patriot, and philanthropist.

things, each individual showing a special liking for one class of objects, yet all evincing a desire to hoard, apparently for the mere love of possession. Hoarding up materials without having any design of using them is the perversion of Economy. Using them with sense and judgment is the normal action of this faculty and function.

DESCRIPTION OF ECONOMY.-We often hear the expression, "the wonderful economy of Nature," as if Nature were obliged to be niggardly of her forces and materials in order that every requirement of the world and of the human family should be met.

Although Nature is most bountifully generous in her gifts to all, she is so by reason of not allowing anything to go to waste; all her productions are of use. A wise, prudent, and well-balanced man imitates Nature by saving that he may be generous, for it is only by thus doing that he is enabled to have anything to use in time of great need, or to give to those less able to save. Now, this principle of Nature is wonderfully manifested in man's organism, as are indeed all of the fundamental principles of the universe, and all fundamental laws of man's mind have a physical base, that is, are related directly to some bodily function from which their ability is derived. The primitive principles of man's organism manifest themselves in primitive tissues; accordingly, we should expect to find a storing-up function and faculty most developed or primarily receiving its impulse and power from that source which originates and manufactures, so to speak, the blood and tissues of the entire human organism, viz., from the glandular system.

This system is usually most active in childhood, and all healthy infants exhibit many of the physical, facial signs of economy in a very marked manner, not only about the mouth, cheeks and neck, but all over the entire body, thus showing by this development of the softer tissues that Nature has stored away sufficient vital material to meet the exacting demands of teething, and all the numerous ailments to which children in civilized life are subject. Old age also furnishes another striking example of the conserving power of Nature, for, as men and women approach the grand climacteric of fifty years of age, Nature again commences the storing up process, and both men and women, almost universally, have stored up sufficient extra tissue to enable them to keep up the normal standard of temperature, and also to aid them in meeting any demands which may be made upon their organism by disease or by the increased feebleness and infirmities of old age. It is thus that Nature provides mankind with the necessary materials with which to meet all the usual crises and emergencies of life from the cradle to the grave. A wonderful manifestation of her marvellous powers of economy, conservation, bounty, and generosity!

Now, having elaborated the idea of the physical base of what might seem a purely mental trait (as the mind is usually conceived of by the masses), I shall now proceed to show how the best-nourished and best-balanced bodies produce the wisest and most prudent plans for the economical use, disbursement, and distribution of materials.

It is a fact, patent to all observers, that all ill-proportioned persons, whether they be distinguished by grossness or an over