their offspring in an intensified form, for inherited weaknesses are always intensified and show at an earlier age than where they are acquired in other ways. In order, then, to prevent unbalanced, suspicious persons from being born, people should refrain from intermarrying with those devoid of color in the skin, hair, and eyes. Parents must live in accord with divine law, and open their homes to the influx of sunlight and fresh air, and thus, by coloring the blood properly, the integrity and soundness of all the tissues will be enhanced and suspicious persons will cease to be perpetuated.

Noted criminals are usually very suspicious, and the theory I propound, of the direct relation between defective moral traits and defective physical functions, finds in the criminal classes its exemplification and verification. Elsewhere I have given the reader the evidence of prison surgeons as well as the experience of Dr. Maudsley (whose knowledge of insanity is quite extended), as to the lack of physical soundness of the professional criminal classes, and this evidence corroborates my theories on the correlation of the moral and mental faculties with the physical functions.

The study of the insane reveals the fact that Secretiveness is a prominent trait among them as well as of the criminal classes. Physical defects observed in the insane give a clue as to the cause of their mental degeneracy, and so long as people are born unbalanced in their physiological structure, just long shall we have suspicious, criminal, and insane characters perpetuated.

We cannot dodge the issue; if we desire to become pure, noble, and religious, we must eat, drink, sleep, exercise, and rest in accord with hygienic law. If we desire noble, unsuspicious offspring we must build them upon improved principles, taking natural laws for our guide, and ignoring the animal-like and instinctive methods of propagation at present employed in all the civilized as well as uncivilized races; and herein is a most ludicrous parallel between those who consider themselves highly civilized and the lowest Hottentot in existence. They both perpetuate the race upon the same low plane of animal instinct or lust. All the boasted reason, culture, and high development of the most civilized seem not to have lifted them in this particular one degree above the very lowest. It is only when animal propagation is intended that man uses his boasted reason and culture. To improve animals by design and law seems to him the right method to apply, but the rearing of his offspring he leaves to chance, to lust and ignorance. No wonder, then, we have our

jails, penitentiaries, hospitals, and insane asylums filled to overflowing with the results of animal lust, ignorance, and vice. Our stables, dairies, poultry-yards, and kennels shine by comparison with our homes. Why? Because design, cool reason, education, and natural law have contributed in the latter case to the improvement of species, and in the former ignorance, lust, neglect, animality, and defiance of law have filled every community with criminal, vicious, imbecile, defective, deformed, and sickly beings, who stand as frightful examples of man's utter ignorance of the meaning of religion.

ANALYSIS OF ANGER, WILL, TEMPER

Let us examine these three phases of a trait which is truly a hydra-headed monster, manifold in its motives and action. Most phases of anger are detrimental to mental power and destructive to health. Only what may be called "righteous indignation". that is to say, the indignation resulting from perceiving an infraction of the laws of justice or morality-is ennobling to the individual and conduces to strengthen both health and moral perception. This is the legitimate use of anger, and it should be reserved for such purposes. To become enraged at animals is at once wicked and stupid, and serves to show the superiority of animals Nothing indicates the coward more than cruelty to our domestic animals, who give us faithful, gentle, uncomplaining service, and often die in harness while working for our benefit. The law justly takes cognizance of such treatment. These creatures are of our own flesh and blood, and we are not their equals in some things, although we may possess some qualities which are superior, but treating them cruelly and inhumanly is not the way to prove it.

to man.

Those animals and men who are capable of exhibiting the greatest degree of anger or will are those in whom the muscular system is dominant. The part of the system which is called into action in the expression of most phases of anger is the muscular, and in its ultimate effects results in the use of the muscles by inflicting blows, and in the use of the muscles of the organs of speech in wordy warfare. The classes of animals which are most given to the destructive use of their angry passions are the carnivorous animals, and in all these the muscular system is paramount; hence we look to that system as the source of anger, will, or temper, as it is variously termed. Vegetative animals also give way to blind rage.

Persons in whom the biliary system predominates over the thoracic are more given to exhibitions of ungovernable will and

temper than lighter-colored persons. Color indicates heat, and heat gives power and activity to the organs. A dark man, with the muscular system in the ascendency, will show more destructive temper than a light man of the same build. Here too much color acts as injuriously as too little color, producing undevelopment of certain faculties and functions. Self-will is a faculty derived from the muscular system, and when this faculty is in excess of Conscientiousness and Reason an unbalanced degree of selfish, unreasoning desire is present. Here the muscular system, being in excess of the osseous, creates a disparity between the will and Conscientiousness, and unbridled and often vicious will is the

result.

Many criminal faces that I have examined exhibited a defiant, scowling expression and the sign for Self-will very large. There are many persons who are not ranked with criminals who exhibit terrible will-power, and in their intercourse with their family and friends create great suffering. Many mothers, in their foolish fondness for their children, cultivate in them this faculty to an abnormal degree, and often live to regret it. Where this faculty exists in childhood in an excessive form, the parents should endeavor to level up the other traits of character by appealing to the reason, to the sense of justice, and to the affectional nature of the child, in order to establish a balance in the several departments of the mind. Laws of all kinds, both natural, statute, and social, should be drilled into such a disposition, and in childhood a sense of responsibility of the individual to laws, rules, and regulations should be made most impressive. In this way only can such unbalanced dispositions be benefited.

Like other evil passions, the indulgence of temper leads to serious physical disturbances, and I have known of a very willful girl who became jaundiced and turned a greenish color in one night by giving way to her temper when opposed in her vicious desires. Aside from the deleterious effects upon themselves, the possessors of ungoverned tempers do great injury to innocent people and often make them the victims of this debasing passion. Murder, suicide, and madness frequently result from overindulgence in temper, and mothers inflict irreparable injury upon unborn offspring by allowing themselves to give way to paroxysms of anger while pregnant. Murderers can be bred as well as moralists, by direct act of the mother's mind, as is well known. An instance of this immense power which the mother wields over her unborn offspring is noted by Mrs. Lucinda B. Chandler in her tract on "Motherhood." She observes:

An instance recorded, only more marked than many that transpire, illustrates the effect of strong emotion or passion. A husband so offended his wife that she did not speak to him for three months previous to the birth of her child. The child could never speak to his father. An attempt to do so would cause violent paroxysms, and, though he remained at home and carried on business with his parent, he was obliged to turn his back upon him and speak as if addressing another person. Now, if by reason of irresistible desires, powerful impressions, or strong emotion, the body can be stamped ineffaceably, or mental action determined over which the person has no control, can it be a question that upon the moral nature the more highly sensitive spiritual tablet impressions as deeply graven and ineffaceable will be recorded? *

The case of Lord Byron, which I have noted elsewhere, is corroborative of this power of the mother in molding for good or evil her child's will or want of will, and proves also the intimate relation between mental states and physical or functional conditions.

The excessive indulgence of anger affects the liver, the glands, the nervous system, and brain, and causes disturbances of a serious nature in these several parts of the body. Excessively nervous persons sometimes give way to violence of temper. This is caused by an abnormal sensitiveness of the nervous system and insufficient use of self-control. This remedy is a most potent factor in all mental and moral disturbances. It is impossible to estimate its power. It can almost set death at defiance, and certainly changes very materially the action of the glands, of the heart, the nerves, and brain, as all medical records attest.

Violent paroxysms of anger often induce paralysis and apoplexy. Self-will is the basis of all exhibitions of anger or temper, as it is termed. Yet this use of the word should not be confounded with the term will, as applied to express decision or a choice of methods. Until the jargon of ancient metaphysics is eliminated from modern philosophy by scientific analysis, we shall find a confusion of terms which will muddle and mystify, rather than elucidate, phenomena. There will also have to be changes wrought in existing ideas in regard to the locality and nature of the mind, for metaphysicians of the old school have treated the mind as an entity not dependent upon the body; hence very little light has been derived from a most extensive literature on Mental Philosophy. Another vast contribution to literature has been made by writers on the Nature of the Soul, with about as much practical success as the mental philosophers aforesaid. We are living in a material world, possessed of material faculties and senses, which are in harmony with our environment, entirely suited in every way to the present phase of existence. The mind, as exhibited by the

* Motherhood, Lucinda B. Chandler, p. 4. Published by the Moral Education Society, Chicago.

various organs of the body as well as by the brain and nervous system, is entirely an animal organ, made up of blood and tissues as much so as is the brain of a tiger or of a horse. I believe that research and experiment on the part of scientists in time to come, added to what is known positively of the locale and operation of the mind, will give us all that is to be known of this hitherto obscure and occult department of our existence. My belief is founded on the practical methods at present in use by investigators, both in the laboratory and dissecting-room, as well as in the philosopher's study. These problems of life and mind will have to be thought out, as well as worked out, by experimental demonstration. The sciences of Evolution and Physiognomy combined throw a flood of light upon the origin of the human mind.

The human soul, whatever and wherever that may be, I believe is not known to any man, and, inasmuch as it is popularly believed to be the part of us which is immortal, the individuality which is to take a leading part after death in the next world, it strikes me that it would be the most practical way to defer the consideration of it until our perfect possession of it is assured and our environment in harmony with its highest cultivation. We are sure of the body and mind here, and it would seem that the best way to enhance the welfare of the soul hereafter would be to pay strict attention to the conditions of the mind and body in this life. Surely there is great room for improvement in this department, and entirely too little known on these subjects. Would it not be far better if all would devote more time to the consideration of the real and tangible, the possible and the probable; and would it not be less confusing if the mind was studied apart from any idea of its connection with a soul, and in relation to its connection with a body? I believe, if such a course were pursued and the knowledge thus gained practically applied for one generation only, that there would be more perfect bodies and minds, consequently more perfect souls, and infinitely better-balanced dispositions. That this method will be pursued to a considerable extent in the present and following ages I do not for a moment doubt. It is not that the "wish is father to the thought" in my case, but that I see in the "Signs of the Times" a true renaissance, a new birth, a baptism of science, an attempt to return to natural methods. What has brought this new departure about? Several circumstances have contributed, but the chief factor is the wide-spread knowledge of scientific thought and demonstration. Notwithstanding the opposition of nearly all religious sects to science, the fact remains that absolute, provable, scientific truth is attractive to large numbers of persons, and these truths are being rapidly adopted.