portance than horses, hogs, or calves; yet not the thousandth part of the care is taken to rear fine specimens of the former as there is to produce thoroughbred specimens of the latter.

In this age, as in ancient times, the nations which have excelled in muscular development have produced the best linguists. The majority of continental Europeans possessing a supremacy of the muscular system are excellent linguists, many of them speaking several languages. The English, not possessing as pliant muscles as the Celtic Europeans, and having heavy bones in combination, are quite inferior to the latter in linguistic attainments. The Americans, also, are not as capable as the Celtic races in this direction, yet have more capacity for learning and pronouncing language than the English, for the reason that their muscles are more pliant and finer, and have, in addition, a more sensitive nervous system, which assists the ear in distinguishing sound. Then, too, the European races possess the procreative faculty in a greater degree than do Americans, and, as this power is based upon the strength and integrity of the muscular system, they are more creative mentally; hence, able to learn and use languages with greater ease and facility. Singers learn languages easily, and most of the great musical artists speak several languages fluently. They depend upon the fine development of muscle in both cases for their ability. The integrity of the reproductive system leads to great solidity of the family institution.

FACULTIES DERIVED FROM THE BRAIN SYSTEM.

Comparison, Causality, Reason.-In the faces of all persons who excel as reasoners, such as jurists, statesmen, orators, naturalists, scientists, inventors, mathematicians, and chess-players, the nose is observed to be uncommonly broad and proportionately long. According to the law of harmony or of homogeneousness, there should be a corresponding proportional breadth of the body. Investigation and comparison of the physiognomies and forms of these several classes of persons prove this universal law of shaping. Not only is comparative physiognomy justified in this instance, but also comparative anatomy and physiology as well; for Nature declares that where the outlet of an organ is large the related organ itself is on a corresponding scale; hence, where the nose and nostrils are broad a similar form will characterize the lungs and digestive apparatus and produce breadth of body.

The reasoning powers are those that sit in judgment upon all the other mental faculties, as well as decide upon the qualities, conditions, and relations of all things in existence, and are used to comprehend the vast and complex chain of laws governing the

universe. It is evident, then, that the base from which the sustenance essential to support so important a faculty is drawn should be a broad one,-should have its foundation broad and deep. Accordingly, we find in the persons of those who excel in reason a proportionate breadth of body, and this reveals the fact that the visceral organs are large, round, and strong; also, that the muscular and osseous systems are well developed. If to these anatomical conditions we add high quality, we have all the essentials for sound judgment, reason, causality, and comparison. The mind, to co-ordinate, to grasp broad generalizations,-to comprehend vast schemes, as in the laws of a country or the laws of a universe; the ability to plan a great campaign, or the capacity for analyzing and combining grand and abstruse mathematical principles, must have breadth and strength in the body in order to impart similar powers to the deductions. A survey of the organisms of many English jurists and commanders, or of the majority of eminent scientists of all nations, will illustrate this principle. I would refer the reader to an examination of the portraits of the following-named persons as elucidating the law governing the reasoning faculties: Lord Mansfield, attorney-general; Lord Chatham, jurist; Leonard Euler, mathematician; Benjamin Franklin, philosopher; John Locke, philosopher; Sir John Herschel, astronomer; Baron Cuvier, naturalist; George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, statesmen.

The noses of uncivilized races and of undeveloped persons, as well as those of children, are deficient in development of the "bridge," while in adult life the nose, if it become well developed, makes a most decided and broad contour at this part, and in those persons where this formation is present we may expect to find the reasoning faculties well exhibited. In physiognomy, as well as in all of Nature's works, Form is self-revealing, and needs only to be interpreted according to its shape in order to have the correct meaning; hence, breadth of nose, of shoulder, or of body signifies power of some sort,-if it be only power of the muscles, or capacity for digestion, or for breathing. If to breadth of body Nature has added quality, then we find breadth of mind; in other words, the capacity for logical ratiocination,-for comprehending cause and effect. In those in whom the square bony system is in combination with a broad form inventive power will be exhibited, but where the head and body are round, made so by a combination of muscle and brain, we have the right conformation for reasoning upon mathematical, astronomical, and philosophical questions. In the first instance, we shall observe the long, high, broad, and bony nose, the nose of science and of mechanical invention. In the second instance, we shall observe the nose to be long, broad,

and muscular. The mind, in combination with such noses, will possess the capacity for analyzing the general principles of systems, and by tracing effects to causes discover underlying laws. One individual thus characterized deals with the principles that move matter, the other with principles which exhibit mentality, and he seeks to connect cause with effect, and to trace the connecting links between motive and action. The physiognomies of Lord Bacon, Professor Tyndall, Professor Helmholtz, Michael Faraday, and Charles Darwin illustrate the former class, while the faces of Socrates, Sir Isaac Newton, Herbert Spencer, Sir William Herschel, and Dr. Gall stand representative of the latter class.

The development of the reasoning faculties among the masses within the last fifty years has advanced in an astonishing degree. As the great leaders of thought-those who treat of causationgive out freely to the world their theories and discoveries, the people, by the aid of cheap printing, read and accept their ideas, and thus become familiar with the grand generalizations of causal science as well as with the facts of life. This is doing much toward the uprooting of superstition and the development of reason, and has in many countries almost entirely supplanted mediæval superstition and bigotry. The environment of civilized man and his adaptation to it is not a more certain thing than that he is capable of comprehending the laws which control it, and until this is understood man falls short of his religious duty. To neglect the study of causes is to remain in childish ignorance To compare, classify, arrange facts, forms, substances, and from them to deduce the laws which govern and control them, is the power which distinguishes the civilized man from the savage. And in this connection let me say that the chief facial sign which distinguishes developed men from the undeveloped is the local facial sign for Reason, viz., height and width of the "bridge" of the

nose.

The median line of the face from the chin to the forehead, by its height above the plane of the face, as well as by its fullness, reveals in its development the perfected man. The physiognomies of persons in all ages of the world who have been pre-eminent in every department of thought and action disclose this peculiar formation; and this determination outward and forward of the nose is one most decided evidence of the presence of reason and perfection of character in man. Comparison of the physiognomies of the leaders of thought in all ages shows the development in the median line of the face to be of about the same grade; from this we may conclude that the development of man mentally has reached its acme, and that further progress of the race will be in

universe. It is evident, then, that the base from which the sustenance essential to support so important a faculty is drawn should be a broad one,-should have its foundation broad and deep. Accordingly, we find in the persons of those who excel in reason a proportionate breadth of body, and this reveals the fact that the visceral organs are large, round, and strong; also, that the muscular and osseous systems are well developed. If to these anatomical conditions we add high quality, we have all the essentials for sound judgment, reason, causality, and comparison. The mind, to co-ordinate,-to grasp broad generalizations,-to comprehend vast schemes, as in the laws of a country or the laws of a universe; the ability to plan a great campaign, or the capacity for analyzing and combining grand and abstruse mathematical principles, must have breadth and strength in the body in order to impart similar powers to the deductions. A survey of the organisms of many English jurists and commanders, or of the majority of eminent scientists of all nations, will illustrate this principle. I would refer the reader to an examination of the portraits of the following-named persons as elucidating the law governing the reasoning faculties: Lord Mansfield, attorney-general; Lord Chatham, jurist; Leonard Euler, mathematician; Benjamin Franklin, philosopher; John Locke, philosopher; Sir John Herschel, astronomer; Baron Cuvier, naturalist; George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, statesmen.

The noses of uncivilized races and of undeveloped persons, as well as those of children, are deficient in development of the "bridge," while in adult life the nose, if it become well developed, makes a most decided and broad contour at this part, and in those persons where this formation is present we may expect to find the reasoning faculties well exhibited. In physiognomy, as well as in all of Nature's works, Form is self-revealing, and needs only to be interpreted according to its shape in order to have the correct meaning; hence, breadth of nose, of shoulder, or of body signifies power of some sort,-if it be only power of the muscles, or capacity for digestion, or for breathing. If to breadth of body Nature has added quality, then we find breadth of mind; in other words, the capacity for logical ratiocination,-for comprehending cause and effect. In those in whom the square bony system is in combination with a broad form inventive power will be exhibited, but where the head and body are round, made so by a combination of muscle and brain, we have the right conformation for reasoning upon mathematical, astronomical, and philosophical questions. In the first instance, we shall observe the long, high, broad, and bony nose, the nose of science and of mechanical invention. In the second instance, we shall observe the nose to be long, broad,

and muscular. The mind, in combination with such noses, will possess the capacity for analyzing the general principles of systems, and by tracing effects to causes discover underlying laws. One individual thus characterized deals with the principles that move matter, the other with principles which exhibit mentality, and he seeks to connect cause with effect, and to trace the connecting links between motive and action. The physiognomies of Lord Bacon, Professor Tyndall, Professor Helmholtz, Michael Faraday, and Charles Darwin illustrate the former class, while the faces of Socrates, Sir Isaac Newton, Herbert Spencer, Sir William Herschel, and Dr. Gall stand representative of the latter class.

The development of the reasoning faculties among the masses within the last fifty years has advanced in an astonishing degree. As the great leaders of thought-those who treat of causation— give out freely to the world their theories and discoveries, the people, by the aid of cheap printing, read and accept their ideas, and thus become familiar with the grand generalizations of causal science as well as with the facts of life. This is doing much toward the uprooting of superstition and the development of reason, and has in many countries almost entirely supplanted mediæval superstition and bigotry. The environment of civilized man and his adaptation to it is not a more certain thing than that he is capable of comprehending the laws which control it, and until this is understood man falls short of his religious duty. To neglect the study of causes is to remain in childish ignorance To compare, classify, arrange facts, forms, substances, and from them to deduce the laws which govern and control them, is the power which distinguishes the civilized man from the savage. And in this connection let me say that the chief facial sign which distinguishes developed men from the undeveloped is the local facial sign for Reason, viz., height and width of the "bridge" of the

nose.

The median line of the face from the chin to the forehead, by its height above the plane of the face, as well as by its fullness, reveals in its development the perfected man. The physiognomies of persons in all ages of the world who have been pre-eminent in every department of thought and action disclose this peculiar formation; and this determination outward and forward of the nose is one most decided evidence of the presence of reason and perfection of character in man. Comparison of the physiognomies of the leaders of thought in all ages shows the development in the median line of the face to be of about the same grade; from this we may conclude that the development of man mentally has reached its acme, and that further progress of the race will be in