and with a fair degree of time will be prompt and punctual in keeping engagements and observing set times for duties, business, pleasures, etc. They are pained and irritated if their associates fail to replace things where they belong, and if they become enfeebled by nervous disorders are very fussy and suffer by seeing things disordered or out of their place. This faculty is quite small where the vegetative system is dominant, for this system possesses very little either of Mental or Physical Order. The vegetative system is based on the fluid circulation and the nature of fluid is such that it moves and shifts and does not remain in fixed positions, but, like the water of the ocean, surges from point to point and never returns to the same place. Hence, very little Order may be expected from the soft, fluidic, yielding, vegetative individual.

Order is adapted to everything in Nature and must be supreme on earth, as well as "Heaven's first law " Heaven's first law" All creatures have their appropriate sphere or realm, and when they are inappropriately placed chaos and suffering is the result. Each individual has his or her place in Nature, and until this is found their highest use and happiness will not ensue. Physiognomy is the best means known to man for classifying and grading all human beings and for pointing out and determining their place according to the order or grade of intellect which each possesses.

FACULTY DERIVED FROM THE FIVE SUPERIOR SYSTEMS.

Time.-The faculty of Time has several diverse phases and is manifested in very different and distinct ways. Time, as we compute it, is caused by the revolutions of the earth, sun and moon. This is our basis for the calculation of time; hence, time and motion are synonymous, and the several distinct phases of time which we observe in the acts and organisms of man are dependent upon some of the many modes of motion, either within or without his body, for their ability to manifest their presence. One phase of this faculty enables us to take cognizance of the lapse of time, of periods of succession of hours, days, months, and years. This peculiar form of time inheres in the brain and nervous system, and is exhibited in its highest power by astronomers and mathematicians, and is dependent largely upon abstract mathematical faculties for its expression. Its computations can be conducted by the brain alone, without the assistance of the other parts of the organism. Another form of time gives the ability to keep time in dancing, walking, marching, athletics, beating time on instruments with the hands, and in singing, playing upon musical instruments, and in manufacturing time-keeping instruments, which

illustrate the periodic movements of the earth, winds, tides, etc.; also, in elocution, oratory, and speaking. In all these movements the muscular system is most concerned, and this sort of time is discoverable in persons in whom the muscular system is dominant and who are possessed of a rounded form. In elocution and oratory the regular periodic beating of the heart, and the rhythmic movement of the lungs and periodic circulation of the blood doubtless influences the speech by dividing it up into natural pauses.

Time is most certainly concerned in the process of digestion, and here two different phases of time will be observed in action. That part of the digestive process which is performed by the stomach has a certain set and defined time for the proper discharge of its duties; for the time essential to the digestion of all articles of food by the stomach is known and has been tabulated in medical works. The process of digestion in the stomach is affected and assisted by the movements of the heart and lungs, and thus we see why it is that those in whom the thoracic system is large exhibit a good sense of time in walking, speaking, singing, etc. The rhythmic movements of the heart, the lungs, and stomach combined contribute to produce movements of a precise and periodic nature, and those in whom the muscular system predominates are the best adapted to regularity and automatism of motion of all sorts. The time-keeping sense in marching and walking and in taking cognizance of the lapse of time-in being punctual in keeping engagements and in observing regular habits-is almost lacking in those in whom the vegetative system predominates. The explanation of this is that the process of digestion is almost constantly going on in the intestines and the functional action of the intestines is not dependent upon a certain set period of time for its performance. Individuals have been known to exist thirty days and over without action of the intestinal system; hence, time affects this part of the organism the least. In the lowest animal organisms assimilation is constantly going on, and the intestinal system of the human species is analogous to the primitive intestinal tube of the gastrula (the primitive intestinal animal).

Several forms of the time-sense are often observed in combination in one individual. Musical composers, for example, like Handel and Meyerbeer, illustrate by their combination of the brain and muscular systems the possession of two sorts of time-the sort which inheres in the brain system exclusively, added to the rhythmic sort which is the essential property of the muscular system, and which cannot be performed by means of any other department of the bodily organization. Brain is competent to perform only its own peculiar form and share in the illustration of the time-keeping

faculty, and until this division and distribution of the several parts of this faculty is made, and each form of the faculty assigned its own proper sphere of action, we shall have no just or correct ideas of this all-pervading sense. The phrenological idea, that one little sign at the outer angle of the eyebrow stands indicative of this universal faculty, is most absurd in the presence of the great enlightenment which physiological analysis throws upon the origin of the several sources of Time. It is not disputed that the faculty of Time is represented in the brain. It probably has several representatives there, each standing for its own peculiar phase in the bodily organism. The appearance at that portion of the eyebrow which is said by phrenologists to be the sign for the presence of an “organ" of Time in an individual is a local sign of the sort of time which inheres in the osseous system and is caused by the squareness of the bones at this point, and not by a bulge of brain. The osseous system illustrates a different phase of time than that exhibited by the brain, the thoracic, or the muscular system. The dominance of the osseous system in an individual gives the sort of time-sense which exhibits punctuality in habits, promptness in keeping engagements, and in being able to tell the time of day or night instinctively. Time, as well as Order, is one of the leading characteristics of the bony system, and belongs to the mind of the bones. The vegetative individual possesses little of either of these faculties, because lacking in bone; yet many have the sort of time useful to musical accentuation, if a fair share of muscle is in combination. Many eminent singers in whom the vegetative system is well developed possess the faculty of musical time through their combination of the muscular and vegetative systems. A predominance of the osseous and muscular systems will exhibit a different phase of time than where the muscular and brain systems are preeminent. So, also, an individual in whom the brain, muscular, and osseous systems are well developed and of high quality will possess a combination of several kinds of Time, which may assist in musical composition or in astronomical labors. In which of these it may result, will depend upon other faculties in the combination. If the osseous system predominates slightly, then a scientific tendency will be exhibited; but if the muscular system is in the ascendency, a musical or artistic capacity is present. A little more bone or a trifle more muscle makes a vast difference in the direction of mental efforts; so, also, does a slight difference in the quality of the several constituents of a given organism, generally speaking. Where the quality of the skin is of a high grade, all the other tissues and constituents will be of the same quality, even if they are not largely developed. In the investigation of the

source or sources of a faculty, and in the analysis necessary to the same, we must be guided by a close investigation of the physiological and anatomical structure of the body. Neither one person nor one generation is competent to perceive and relate all that may be said on the subject of physiognomy; for, like astronomy, one generation of observers after another must leave to posterity the result of their labors to be added to and built upon by their successors. There is much that can be learned only by an examination of the living subject, and the teacher of this science should endeavor to teach from the book of Nature all departments of the science, as it is only in this manner that the infinite number of minute differences in human nature can be observed and comprehended; for the smallest and finest appearances in a physiognomy are sometimes the most decisive, as, says Lavater, "to despise what is minute is to despise Nature;" hence, in looking for the origin of the faculty of Time, or indeed of any other trait, we must analyze first its manifestations as it outworks mentally, then trace it to its origin and analyze the action and the constituents of the system or function from which it proceeds. There is no other reliable method.

The periodic character of all vital phenomena is well demonstrated in all Nature's works, whether it be in the process of digestion, in the repair of tissue, the periodic movements of the heart and lungs, or in the regularity attending gestation in the various animal organisms. All attest not only that Time is a universal property, but that it has many modes of manifesting its several phases; hence, the idea of pointing to one single sign as its representative in the face is too contracted entirely. We must learn how to separate and analyze its several manifestations before passing judgment on this point.

FACULTIES DERIVED FROM THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM.

Calculation.-Arithmetical ability, or the capacity for comprehending and calculating numbers, memorizing dates and figures, and reckoning sums, is a trait entirely distinct from those which conduce to mathematical power. Although the mathematician is dependent upon a certain degree of knowledge of arithmetic, yet the two are not always found associated in the same individual. The origin of pure Calculation is undoubtedly in the muscular system, and is represented in the brain.

The best natural calculators in the world are those in whom the muscular system predominates slightly over the osseous. The Mongolian race, for example, are natural and rapid calculators, and show early and decided ability in the direction of arithmetical

calculation; yet the great majority of them would be wholly unable to learn mathematics, for the reason that pure mathematics is mainly dependent upon the reasoning faculties for power to exhibit its principles, and reason of a high order is not a development observed in the majority of this race. Calculation is also possessed by some animals in a marked degree. The pig has been trained to use blocks in numbering, but its powers are quite limited. The elephant, the horse, the magpie, and the dog possess considerable ability in comprehending the number of articles which they use, or which have been intrusted to them.

On this point Professor Haeckel remarks thus:

At the lowest stage of human mental development are the Australians, some tribes of the Polynesians, and the Bushmen, Hottentots, and some of the Negro tribes. Language, the chief characteristic of genuine men, has with them remained at the lowest stage of development, and hence, also, their formation of ideas has remained at a low stage. Many of these wild tribes have not even a name for animal, plant, color, and such most simple ideas, whereas they have a word for every single striking form of animal and plant, and for every single sound. In many of their languages there are numerals only for one, two, and three. No Australian language counts beyond four. Very many wild tribes can count no further than ten or twenty, whereas some very clever dogs have been made to count to forty and even beyond sixty.*

There have been many persons who, from birth, have manifested most extraordinary powers of calculation. George Bidder, well known to fame, is an example of the precocious development of this trait, yet, although his calculations were most extraordinary and lightning-like, he was quite unable to pursue the higher mathematics with a view of studying for a profession, proving conclusively that a different department of the mind and body is used in each of these branches of numerical computation. There are many phases of the calculative faculty. Where it is exhibited by those in whom the muscular system predominates it is usually accompanied by a good share of what is termed " policy," or worldly calculation. In the Mongolian race, and in those individuals of the Caucasian race who resemble the Mongolian in their anatomical development, a large degree of cunning, craft, and slyness is observed. These traits are all based on pure calculation, and, although they have no immediate relation to numbers, are yet one phase, and the lowest phase, of Calculation; and this form of calculation is the compensation for mental, moral, or physical defects, which prevent the individual or animal from making his way or procuring a living by moral and intellectual efforts. Craft in man or

* History of Creation, Haeckel, vol. ii, p. 363.