concerned in the so-called "Mental operations." Again, we may find corroborative evidence of the osseous origin of the several signs and faculties by reference to the most observing animals,— the horse, the elephant, and the dog. The bony system of these animals is in excess of the muscular, and their uncommon degree of the faculty of Observation is well known.

The aggregation of bone and muscle about the eyes, as exhibited in the countenance of the most observing and practical races and persons, is caused in the first instance by continued use of the visual organs. Now, it is a well-settled principle of physiology that "use increases capacity," and when the eyes are greatly exercised an unusual flow of blood to those parts takes place, and a corresponding increase of size of all of the several tissues involved in the act of seeing occurs, and this being transmitted to offspring (who by virtue of another principle equally potent, viz., "that those faculties which are the strongest demand the most activity"), exercise in a greater degree the same faculties as did their progenitors, and, thus intensified by inheritance and use, the great observers of the world are created, not by their own efforts entirely, but by the efforts of their ancestors as well. If we take the trouble to trace the lineage of any of our eminent scientists, mechanics, or inventors, we shall undoubtedly find that they have inherited from some practical and observing ancestor the capacity for increased observation. Erricsson is a most illustrious example of inherited mechanical powers.

Bone development is a later and higher evolution than muscle growth, and accordingly we find that those races and persons whose bony systems exceed the muscular are higher and more perfected generally and most unquestionably more moral and practical. The reader is referred to the general description of the osseous system for a full account of its powers. I believe that all faculties, as well as functions, are represented in the brain, but doubt the ability of any one to describe the character of others by feeling or looking at the brain, without reference to the face and the form of the body generally.

FACULTIES DERIVED FROM THE MUSCULAR AND BRAIN SYSTEMS.

Memory of Events.-The memory of events, as its name indicates, gives the power to retain and recall events of all kinds,— history, scientific facts, anecdotes, experiments, public measures, news, and neighborhood gossip. Its facial sign is situated above Observation and between the two local signs of Locality.

Those with this faculty large learn readily new ideas, principles, and doctrines; can become good teachers, and, with Language

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large, editors and writers. It endows the character with a common-sense view of affairs, and assists progressive tendencies. It is large in children, as their faces indicate. It is possessed by historians, descriptive writers, orators, and statesmen.

its

Memory of Events is indebted mainly to the brain system for power, aided by the muscular system. Its complex derivation gives it ability to remember events which the visual organs take cognizance of, as well as what is heard,-as events transpire in history, or in affairs of the city, town, or neighborhood. Where the region about the eyes is well developed the character will possess great practical inclinations, and as the eyes and ears are largely concerned in the reception of news, both by seeing and hearing, this department of the mind is indebted to the auditory and optic nerves, as well as to the muscles of those parts.

ence.

Memory pertains to every individual thing and fact in existThere is memory of form, of words, of tunes, of time, of voice, of taste, of color, of locality, of numbers, and of all separate parts, particles, and motions in the universe. Indeed, Memory is a universal faculty, and adapted to the recognition and retention of all matter and matters whatsoever; it is as illimitable as the scope of creation.

Memory is a faculty of the five systems of functions; each has its own sort of memory. The muscular system, in a most especial manner, is endowed with Memory. The automatic movements which are made by the musician, the dancer, the athlete, the mechanician, etc., become to them "second nature," as we term it. So. also, the olfactory, auditory, and gustatory nerves store up sensations once impressed upon them, and the odor of a flower or the taste of food instantly brings to the recollection scenes, places, and persons long since (apparently) forgotten. Memory connected with the taste and smell must be the strongest, inasmuch as they are the parts of the sense-memory that is first exercised in infancy. After these, the visual, auditory, and tactile sensations are earliest used and the easiest recalled; but the memory of thought, of abstract ideas, comes into play later in the life of the individual after the knowledge of things has ripened into thoughts.

A great memory in any department of mentality is a grand gift, and where great memory is co-existent with other equally large powers of mind we have individuals of the first class; such were Julius and Joseph Scaliger, Humboldt, Lord Macaulay, Hugh Miller, Guizot, Richard Porson, Baron Cuvier, Goethe, Madame de Stael, and Edmund Burke, of whom Dr. Johnson remarked that "his mind was a perennial stream." Most of these persons were endowed by Nature with exceptional powers of Memory, but

developed, increased, and strengthened by wise care and judicious
practice. There are some persons who possess most uncommon
powers of Memory, but have no originality. Unlike the above-
mentioned persons, they contribute nothing to the general store of
knowledge or thought, but are mere storehouses of the thoughts
of others, and can quote by the hour what different authors have
said, yet never venture upon an original observation. These last
may
be likened to a storehouse, while the former are great manu-
factories wherein thought is created for the benefit of generations
to come. Apropos to this, the poet, Tupper, observes, "Memory
is not wisdom; a fool can rote volumes. Yet this faculty is often
taken by the thoughtless as an indication of wisdom.

The possession of a great memory merely is no indication of intellect or wisdom. Many persons noted for memory of various kinds have also been noted for absence of intelligence of most other things. Young Bidder, the arithmetician, possessed a most extraordinary gift of calculation, yet was incapable of being educated for the higher departments of mathematics for lack of sufficient intellect to supplement his arithmetical powers. Indeed, there is no doubt that extended memorizing often injures and impairs the reasoning faculties. Many gifted creative minds are very deficient in certain departments of Memory. The agitation and rapidity of thought, and the manifold combinations of ideas, of construction and reconstruction essential to original creations, whether of music, science, or literature, must naturally militate against that calm and quiet condition of the brain which is essential to extended memorizing. This is, no doubt, the experience of all creative minds, unless an unusually great memory has been inherited along with the other powers.

As Memory belongs to every part of the organism, so its cultivation can be proceeded with from the physical stand-point as well as from the mental, and, indeed, in children this part of the memory would be the only proper part to commence with. It is this department of mind that the kindergarten system of education seeks to develop when it educates the young child in size, form, color, touch, taste, and smell; for as physical sensations are the first which are experienced by the human being, this method of teaching is simply following the methods of Nature in this respect. The old-time method of education was to commence with the use of abstract memory, the memorizing of ideas, words, and expressions, and this involved the forcing into action that part of the memory which develops latest in life. This is manifestly improper and injurious. Nature's teaching and Nature's leading can never take us wrong. The old-time ideas of Memory contributed

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to this ignorant method of procedure. Metaphysics taught that memory was a unit and the direct effect of the action of the brain alone. It admitted not the degraded body into the companionship of Memory. The ideas entertained in regard to it were very restricted. On this point the following expression from Dr. Maudsley is pertinent. He observes:

Take, for example, the so-called faculty of memory, of which metaphysicians have made so much, as affording us the knowledge of personal identity. From the way in which they usually treat of it one would suppose that Memory was peculiar to Mind, and far beyond the reach of physical explanation. But a little reflection will prove that it is nothing of the kind. The acquired functions of the spinal cord and of the sensory ganglia obviously imply the existence of Memory, which is indispensable to their formation and exercise. How else could these centres be educated? The impressions made upon them and the answering movements both leave their traces behind them, which are capable of being revived on the occasions of similar impressions. A ganglionic centre, whether of mind, sensation, or movement, which was without memory, would be an idiotic centre incapable of being taught its functions. In every nerve-cell there is Memory, and not only so, but there is memory in every organic element of the body. The virus of small pox or of syphilis makes its mark on the constitution for the rest of life. The Memory in which the scar of a cut on a child's finger is perpetuated and grows as the body grows evinces, as Mr. Paget has pointed out, that the organic element of the past remembers the change which it has suffered.*

Memory of all sorts depends upon a healthy condition of the body for the exercise of its greatest degree of power. Slight illness will sometimes weaken the memory of persons, places, duties, words, and facts to an astonishing degree, and not until the bodily health resumes its normal condition will the memory resume its power.

There are cases on record where the memory has been almost entirely obliterated by long-continued illness, by debauchery, and also by sudden fright and terror, by suspense long-continued, and by sexual excesses, self-abuse, and other causes. Memory is subject to many diseases, and investigators who have adopted the physiological method of research are accumulating a vast amount of useful knowledge as to the origin or cause of these diseases, together with the means for their remedy. Mons. T. H. Ribot has written a very common-sense and useful work on "Diseases of the Memory," and as he has adopted the new method of analyzing Memory he has advanced our knowledge in this direction immeasurably. Of the various inequalities of Memory he has the most just ideas. The fact that some persons possess memory of words and not of colors, memory of forms and not of sounds, etc.,

* Body and Mind, H. Maudsley, M.D., p. 24.

and that the base of some departments of Memory is to be found in the organic functions is recognized by him, as the following extract will prove. He observes:

Through differences of constitution the impression transmitted may be faint or strong, stable or transient. The preponderance of any system of organs-those of generation, for example-gives the superiority to one group of recollections. There remain the higher psychic states, abstract ideas, and complex sentiments. These cannot be referred directly to any organ. The seat of their production and reproduction has never been located with precision, but as they no doubt result from an association or disassociation of primary states, there is no ground for supposing that they are exceptional.*

Of the possessions of partial memories he observes:—

What is implied by these partial memories? Special development of a special sense with the anatomical structures dependent on it. To make this clearer take a particular case-for instance, a good visual memory. This has for its condition a good structure of the eye, of the optic nerve, and of the portions of the brain which concur in the act of vision,-that is to say (according to the received notions of anatomists), certain portions of the pons, the crura, the optic tract, and the hemispheres.†

M. Ribot gives as among the causes of loss of memory the following: "Weakened circulation of the blood, deficient action of the heart, excessive fatigue, and lack of nutrition, together with the immoderate use of stimulants, narcotics, and sedatives, such as hasheesh and bromide of potassium," which last very greatly impairs the general memory, Besides the work by M. Ribot, above mentioned, the reader can consult with profit "Principles of Mental Physiology," by Wm. W. Carpenter, M.D.

Weight. The sense of weight or balance is inherent in the muscular system, and its effects are wrought almost entirely by the movements and adjustments of the muscles, as in walking, dancing, skating, and balancing. It is the peculiar inherited quality of the muscles which gives ability for marksmanship, aim and direction,—as in shooting, handling tools, such as the graver, the chisel, the use of levers, and dentists' instruments, etc.; it gives the intuitive perception of the laws of equilibrium, or gravity, motion, and resistance; it is one of the essentials in engineering, setting up and running machinery, and in the mechanical part of music. Children possessed of a good degree of this sense walk earlier than others and love to be in constant motion. The effects produced by its development point to its origin. It has several facial signs. As muscle produces curves, and bones cause angles, we shall expect to find in the rounded individual many evidences of this sense. The rounding head, the rounding out of the sides

* The Diseases of Memory, T. H. Ribot (Humboldt Library), p. 33.

+ Ibid., p. 32.