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pointing out the systems or functions which they represent and from which they derive their support. Each group acts in conjunction and harmony in the body, and promotes the mental manifestation made possible by their developed condition. Here, as elsewhere in the human organism, we are met with the fact of the interrelation and correlation of physical functions with mental faculties.

FACULTIES DERIVED FROM THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM.

Self-Will.-The ancient metaphysicians, not having a physical basis upon which to rest their deductions in regard to Mind, left us a very indefinite idea of the term "Will" as applied to the human mind. What I wish to describe by this term is that class of acts which are performed by aid of the muscles mainly in conformity to the decision of the individual. Whenever we observe one with a large development of the muscles we shall find the sign for Self-will most decided in the face. This sign is situated in the nose at its junction with the forehead. It lies between the eyes and above the sign for Executiveness, a faculty which it greatly assists. It is composed of muscle. It is true that there is bone beneath it, but where this sign is most apparent the muscle fills out this portion of the nose, and (as we see in Greek profiles) the outline of the nose descends in one continued right line from the forehead to the tip of the nose.

The corroborative evidence of its muscular origin is found in the fact that those whose muscular system is best developed possess the greatest degree of will-power, or the ability for prompt, spontaneous, and forcible action, while those lacking in the muscular system are correspondingly deficient in this most useful faculty of mind. The faces of all who have excelled as leaders, commanders, and those who have led in the greatest enterprises of the world. exhibit in their countenances this sign, and in every instance where this sign is exhibited we shall find a superior muscular development. I do not mean by this remark that we shall find the muscular system of a prize-fighter, but that the muscles dominate the bony system, regardless of the size of the individual, whether it be a child or a dwarf. The signs for the supremacy of this system are manifest all over the entire body, and are known by thickness of the neck, wide and thick shoulders, round body and head, full convex eye, round ear, curving jaw, round thick nose, round chin, fingers inclined to taper, and all of the joints rounded and well covered by muscle. These signs are found in those whose will is most powerful.

It is true that the brain where conscious intelligence is created,

and where sensation and motion are co-ordinated, must have a quality or condition corresponding to the quality of muscle found in each individual. This the law of harmonious action teaches must be the case; the action of the muscles depends in most cases upon the decision of the thinking or conscious portion of the brain, and those who possess a fine and large degree of muscle decide instantaneously. In many instances the muscles act automatically after repeated movements of them in one direction, and instances are related where piano-players have been able to use this automatism while asleep at the piano.

If one were to decide upon performing a certain act without going any further, the mere act of deciding could not be considered an act of the will purely, but must be understood as a process of the abstract power of reason, which, if followed by acts of the muscular system could be properly demonstrated an exercise of the will. Sometimes the voluntary muscles seem to act spontaneously or without previous decision on the part of the reasoning powers, but whether the individual acts spontaneously or with purpose, or whether he acts wisely or unwisely, the one best endowed in the matter of muscle can act with the greatest force and spontaneity in his movements, and where there is a good or great brain system in addition, the thoughts and speech are capable of the greatest degree of courage, clearness, and power. Such people are executive and resolute, with ability to command and lead, in thought as well as in action. If Self-will were a purely mental or brain faculty, then those with the most powerful brain systems would exhibit the greatest degree of will-power; but observation teaches us that this is not the case. It is true that those with large brains have decided opinions, but where we observe the best development of the muscles there is to be found the greatest capacity for the expression of the active will. By dividing up the powers of the human organism, we are enabled to simplify the study of human science; not only to simplify its study, but also to make clear what has been so long a mystery to the mass of mankind, and when the masses can be taught that the first and most important duty of life is to understand, care for, and protect the body, we shall then have those who are truly religious; that is to say, those who live in harmony with the laws of God and Nature. A high and fine development of the muscular system is a precious inheritance; the conservation of this system should be taught as a religious duty. The world is peopled with the weak of will, the irresolute, the timid and shrinking, who often become a burden to others and assist in swelling our criminal classes. Surely, then, parents should see that daughters, as well as sons, have opportunity

for such muscular training as shall fit them to meet the battles and storms of life with a strong and courageous will, which will enable them to conquer circumstances as well as their own defects.

Credenciveness-A faculty which is so generally distributed in so large a measure throughout all the races of mankind is surely worthy of more than passing notice.

Credenciveness in its normal condition is the faculty which is adapted to the reception and belief of the truths of history, biography, current events, and statements of individuals.

It has been named by phrenologists "Faith," "Wonder," "Spirituality," and "Marvelousness," neither of which expresses its normal use and purpose. Its perversions are numerous and gross, leading often to the most superstitious and degrading practices. Unaccompanied by reason, conscientiousness, or intelligence, it is found among the degraded idolators and animal worshippers of the savage tribes, and leads to most barbarous and inhuman practices. This faculty is also possessed in varying degrees by civilized races, and is the faculty most relied upon by fanatics and despots to control multitudes of those who possess Credenciveness unbalanced by reason, conscientiousness, or knowledge. The religious tyrants of the world have always relied upon an exaggerated degree of Credenciveness in their followers to maintain their power and replenish their coffers; and even in this enlightened age there are millions of people who are swayed by those who know how to work upon this weakness, and thus they become voluntary contributors toward the maintenance of numbers of useless persons, simply because they arrogate to themselves supernatural powers and special influence with God.

The uses of this faculty are various. Besides the aid it renders to our daily life by giving us the desire to know the wonders of Nature, to hear the news and statements of facts, the love of stories, history, biography, etc., it assists the poet in clothing his descriptions in most exaggerated and wonderful style, such as are found in Dante's “Inferno" and Milton's "Paradise Lost." This faculty is large in those artists who by their works illustrate the wonderful, weird, mystic, and improbable. The paintings of Gustave Dore and William Blake show the effect of this peculiar faculty. Many poets have given convincing proof of their possession of this faculty by their vivid descriptions of heavens, hells, devils, furies, and dragons, of fearful aspect; such beings are described by Milton and Dante, who also have given us pen-paintings of scenes of supernal beauty.

The founders of religions deal also in mystic and symbolic language, and astonish the world (without enlightening it much)

by their "revelations," received from celestial spheres. Swedenborg's works and face agree perfectly in the exhibition of the faculty of Credenciveness. The works and face of Mahomet, too, are in perfect accord in this direction, and in private life wherever we find a very superstitious person, one who revels in marvels, miracles, and wonderful statements, we shall find the wide-open eye and high-arched brow of the "believer" of anything and everything which is impossible, improbable, astounding, and marvelous. The less truth there is in anything, the more attraction is there for this class of beings. Europeans as a class are more credulous than Americans. They are yet under the influence of mediaval superstitions and the authority of the ecclesiastical powers, while Americans have had one hundred years of enlightenment and freedom of thought and conscience, and these influences tell upon the character, for Americans have less veneration and less credulity than any other civilized nation; yet even they have enough and to spare. The Chinese, as a race, are very credulous, and certainly we can scarcely find a more slavishly-superstitious race. Just the opposite of theirs is the physiognomy of a scientist-one who seeks the absolute truth. The eyebrows of such are most especially significant of Observation,-the faculty which is just the opposite of Credenciveness. In these the inner corner of the eyebrow is brought close down to the eye, and the eye itself, no matter how large it may be, is set back under projecting eye-bones, and this is the appearance that the faces of the most practical classes present-such as mechanics, most physicians, naturalists, scientists, and practical persons generally.

Now, it will be observed that all of these indications of Credenciveness are found situated in the muscular system; and are most developed among the muscular races; hence, we are warranted in ascribing to this faculty a muscular origin. The very construction of the portion of the face about the eyes and eyebrows renders this class of persons incapable of the closest observation. Capacity for accurate observation alone can give this power, aided by Conscientiousness, and these two faculties arise from the bony system. Those in whom the muscular system is dominant have not evolved to that plane which enables them to comprehend the laws and principles of Nature so well and so readily as those in whom the bony system is dominant. It would appear that religion is a result. of evolutionary progression, and that the capacity to understand absolute truth is most pronounced where reason and conscience are the most developed, and these faculties are strongest in the osseous people and races; while superstitious religions, and beliefs in charms, incantations, omens, and supernatural beings are observed

most prevalent among the muscular people and races-for example, the Turks, Arabs, Hindoos, Chinese, and the barbarous races generally. Their religious beliefs are characterized by the most childish, mystic, and incomprehensible ideas and ceremonies; or in other classes, by barbarous, cruel, and degrading rites. The religion of a race will settle its grade in development most conclusively, for "religion without reason is superstition."

FACULTIES DERIVED FROM THE OSSEOUS AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS.

Observation. The origin of this faculty is without doubt in the osseous system, assisted by the muscles and certain nerves, inasmuch as it is the most general and the best developed among bony people and animals. Its principal facial sign is a lowering down of the eyebrows at their inner terminus and a projection forward of the frontal bone at this point. Phrenologists tell us that this appearance is caused by "brain development" at this locality, but I think we can readily prove it to have its origin in the osseous system primarily, assisted by the eye and the muscles of the surrounding parts, particularly by the orbicularis palpebrarum and the corrugator supercilii muscles, which, by reason of their constant use (by those who are naturally observant), become much enlarged as age advances, until they sometimes present the appearance of a small wen. Again, the superior size of these muscles at this point is due to the increased size of the bones beneath them.

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The phrenological theory that brain-matter causes the bulging out of the eyes by an "organ" under them, or back of them, indicating Language, is as erroneous as the theory that brain “organs back of the bones of the superciliary arch cause the prominence which they name "Observation," a name which I also use as descriptive of the same faculty and locality, but claim for it an entirely different origin. I believe I have stated elsewhere in this work the origin of the signs adjacent to the eyes. The development of this locality takes place under the laws of progressive evolution, and when organisms have reached that point in which the bones have supremacy over the muscles, the bones adjacent to the eyes, the superciliary ridges are, as a matter of course, correspondingly developed. Hence it is that we find the faculty of Observation not the strongest where the brain is the largest, but where the bony system is best exhibited.

Bone development in the face advances pari passu with bone development in the rest of the body. In order to clear away the doubt and mystery which has so long attended the analysis and origin of mental power, we must lift the load from the poor overloaded brain and relegate to their own sources the several powers

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