reason for considering these faculties as having a common basis is because their signs adjoin each other in the septum; and it is a law of physiognomy, as well as of physiology, that those faculties and functions which are grouped in close juxtaposition are mutually related to and assist each other.

FACULTIES DERIVED FROM THE NERVES OF THE SKIN.

Modesty. The most prominent sign of Modesty is shown by a vertical depression running down the centre of the upper lip. It is an unfailing sign of a love of purity, cleanliness, and generally of chastity; all of which are conducive to health and long life. Persons exhibiting this sign use refined language, dislike all coarse or smutty jokes or allusions; love neatness of attire, and desire to change their clothing often; dislike bad odors emanating from the breath or skin; bathe frequently; and in all ways testify to cleanly, chaste, and modest tastes. Its location near Amativeness and Self-esteem suggests the beauty and utility of its placing.

Modesty is related to the brain and nerve system, and is sustained by the nerves of the skin-covering mainly. The sensitiveness of the skin demands that care shall be exercised in promoting the comfort of the body by cleanliness without and purity within. Individuals exhibiting the sign for Modesty take as much pains in the preparation of their food as they do in preserving the skin, for Modesty is more than "skin deep." It is concerned with the interior conditions as well as with the exterior; for it is only by having a state of soundness and purity of the digestive system that a fine, clear, healthy skin can be obtained; and although very cleanly, chaste, and modest persons may not know enough of the rationale of this faculty to reason upon it they will observe, if they attend to it, that they are inclined to be fastidious in regard to the quality of their food and drink. Care in this direction prevents the pimples and blotches which are often observed in the countenances and on the bodies of many persons.

Modesty is innate in those who exhibit it largely. It has many phases, and presents both physical and mental aspects. Some individuals exhibit only one phase, others possess several characteristics. Those persons whose skins are thick, greasy, and rough, and whose hair is very coarse and dull are never as modest and cleanly as those who are the reverse, and this is still another proof of its origin.

The situation of the local sign is most wisely placed, for on the one hand it tempers and modifies the effects of Amativeness, which would otherwise descend to coarse, low, and sensual behavior, and on the other hand it modifies Self-esteem, which unrestrained

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would exhibit egotism of the most offensive and unbearable description. Scarcely any sign so exhibits the wisdom of its placing as the local sign for Modesty. This sign is general as well as local, and fine, clear skin, as well as bright, fine, glossy hair, attests to that love of cleanliness and neatness which is one of its most striking phases.

ANALYSIS OF THE GLANDULAR SYSTEM AND OLFACTORY GANGLION.

Cautiousness. One of the principal facial signs of Caution is shown by extreme length of nose. Its principal use is to protect the body by the sense of scent, which prevents all hurtful and noxious materials from entering the stomach, and keeps poisonous gases and odors from the lungs. The sense of scent acts as a sentinel; hence its position, directly above the mouth. This sign is conceded by all physiognomists. In the animal world this faculty is more used than in the human race; for we depend more than they upon our eyes and acquired experience. The eyes and observation are not so well suited to this purpose in animals as they are in men, hence it is that all animals smell their food constantly during a meal. The herbivorous animals, while in a natural state, seldom touch any grass or herb which is poisonous or detrimental to them so unerring is their scent; yet, after becoming domesticated, they lose this faculty partially. This sense is perhaps as high as man's power for observation; yet people usually speak of it as "animal instinct," conveying the idea that this faculty is something inferior to human observation, while in reality it is far superior to it; for no human being can tell by scent alone, without experience, whether certain plants are hurtful or useful. In many directions animals possess superior powers. Had they a suitable physiological development which would enable them to speak, they would soon convict many of us of more cruelties, meannesses, and contemptible behavior than even wild beasts are guilty of.

An excess of Cautiousness is usually associated with a constricted state of the liver and prevents its healthy action. Where this is the case, Hope and artistic Analysis are never strongly developed in the individual. Intense Secretiveness tends also to an inactive liver.

All of those classes of animals that are excessively cautious and secretive-as, for example, the tiger, the panther, the fox, the coon, the skunk, the opossum, and the cat-make great use of their flexor muscles, and this, added to the fact that their biliary system is not so powerful as their thoracic system, causes many disorders of the liver among them.

The correlation of function with faculty, and of form with

function, is a most interesting branch of our subject, and will be treated of later. The habits, traits, forms, and weaknesses produced by different degrees of development of the liver are most wonderful. The sense of scent is a powerful animal faculty, and in looking for its origin we find it best developed in the most cautious animals; hence, the length as well as width of the nasal organ stands in direct relation to the faculty of caution, and this reacts upon the muscles, particularly upon the flexors, as by the use of these the animal is enabled to sneak and hide. Secretiveness and Cautiousness both conspire to affect the action of the liver as well as of the muscles and the sphincters. Those in whom these traits are paramount are usually affected by constipation and all the sphincters of the body are very tensely constricted. So great is this contraction in some cautious and secretive persons that it induces permanent derangements of the intestinal system. Herein we have the most positive evidence of the interaction of the mental and physical states of function and faculty.

The Hebrew race is the most Cautious of all the civilized races; the facial sign of this trait in them is most remarkably developed; their noses are both very long and very broad, thus evidencing a talented degree of Caution.

The several faculties the signs of which cluster about the tip of the nose, viz., Mental Imitation, Sublimity, Ideality, and Human Nature, are based mainly upon a fine development of the brain and nervous system, assisted by the muscular system. Acquisitiveness is evolved from the muscular system and visceral organs, while Constructiveness derives its power from muscle.

FACULTIES DERIVED FROM THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM.

Veneration. This faculty is evolved primarily from a developed condition of the stomach. Height and width of the bridge of the nose is its principal local sign in the face. Unlike the intestinal system, the action of the stomach is mainly mechanical. We find its local sign, as well as the organ itself, situated in the mechanical or architectural division. The stomach is the receiving laboratory where the solid materials are first mixed by mechanical action mainly. This operation is named "peristaltic action," and is produced by the contractions of the muscles of the stomach and the expansion and contraction of the lungs and diaphragm. The saliva and gastric juice of the stomach perform only a small part of the chemistry of digestion. The materials that are taken into the stomach, after being thus acted upon, are distributed for further chemical action in the intestines, glands, etc., before the act of creating and replacing new tissues, bones, muscles, nerves,

etc., is completed. Although we are dependent upon the fluid circulation to convey to their destinations in the liquid form all the materials necessary for the maintenance of the body, at the same time suitable solid materials must be furnished to the stomach, to be by its mechanism converted into chyme, a kind of pulp. There its further progress is continued to the duodenum, where it attains. a fluid state denominated chyle. This is received into the general circulation, and assists not only in nourishing the body, and in creating bone, muscle, and nerve, but it also furnishes the materials essential to the creation of other human organisms.

This slight description of the process of digestion will serve to explain how the perfected and developed condition and action of the stomach will produce a corresponding development of the bony system, as well as a fine quality of all the softer tissues.

And now I suppose the reader will ask for the connecting proofs of the relation of the stomach with the faculty of Veneration and its sign in the face. This question is pertinent, and demands on my part a decided and clear answer. Physiognomy, like all sciences, is founded on observation primarily. Now, in the faces of the most developed races and persons (by this I mean physical as well as moral development) we observe that the nose is high and broad at the point where I have located the sign for Veneration, and this height and width are always accompanied by superior strength of stomach. In the noses of undeveloped persons and races the organ, at the sign for Veneration, is flat and narrow, and totally different in appearance from the former; and with this inferiority of nasal development we always find co-existent a lack of the venerative faculty, while the character is inclined to low thoughts and impudence, or evinces a spontaneous and natural disregard of those things which are respected by the opposite type, such as laws, customs, proprieties, old age, religion, and social observances. Depression of the nose at Veneration is always accompanied with a relative weakness of the stomach. The logical conclusion, then, must be that the face and character of an individual who is physiologically and anatomically developed will exhibit a degree of perfection in which the bony system is one of the dominant tissues and Veneration one of the most marked attributes. Continued observation, research, and comparison on my part have given me the proof that the development of the nose at this part indicates a vigorous and strongly developed condition of the stomach. This faculty and function are finely illustrated in the Hebrew race, for the Hebrew is an old and perfected race, one which has paid especial attention to the hygienic laws as inculcated by Moses; hence, it has become physiologically developed, and in point of

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ability to digest is not excelled by any other civilized race. noses of most of them are high and broad at the sign for Veneration. Their regard for God, law, order, old age, etc., is exhibited in their lives, and certainly a race which has given to the world a Deborah and a Moses in ancient times, and, in modern days, a Mendelssohn, an Aguilar, a Heinrich Heine, a Disraeli, a Lessing, a Rachel, a Malibran, and a Montifiore, proves its title to a high degree of development.

As before stated, a nose low or scooped at the centre is universally accompanied by a predisposition to weakness of the stomach. This does not necessarily involve weakness of the intestinal system, for the one depends upon muscular or mechanical action and the other part of the process of digestion-the chief part-upon chemical or glandular action. Over thirty feet of intestinal surface (according to physiologists) are traversed before the process of digestion is complete. In the animal kingdom we observe among those that have very flat noses, such as monkeys, apes, and other flat-nosed creatures, that dyspepsia is quite prevalent, more so than among camels, dogs, elephants, and horses. Dyspepsia leads to consumption, which cuts off those men and animals that exhibit a low formation of the nose. Persons and animals with long, slim necks are also predisposed to dyspepsia and consumption, and accordingly we find that giraffes especially are subject to dyspeptic ailments, even in their natural state.

FACULTIES DERIVED FROM THE OSSEOUS AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS.

Executiveness.-This faculty, like Veneration, is found only among the most developed beings. Wherever it is observed it results from a fine development of the bony system, and its local sign is manifested by height of the nasal bone and width of the muscle just above Veneration. Its location between the signs for Veneration and Self-will is most significant, and denotes that it is related in its action to both these faculties of mind. It is assisted by both, hence their juxtaposition in the face. Wherever the fluid circulation of the body has done its work thoroughly, we find that the bones have received their modicum of material, created by thorough assimilation of the nutriment conveyed to the stomach. If heredity has in the first instance bestowed upon an individual a fine development of the osseous system the ability for perfect assimilation will keep up the same high standard of bone growth, and it is among individuals thus endowed that we may look for the highest examples of executive powers. Assistance must also be received from the muscular system, for no system acts entirely alone. The local signs which lie grouped together are useful in