and

those which affect the glands more particularly. Again, the lip is a facial indicator of the intestinal system, and it is an organ of taste. Thus you will observe that Benevolence in its developed state assists in protecting the body, as well as gives the power desire to assist others. We cannot give if we are in an impoverished condition, and cannot warm toward others if we are deficient in what creates animal heat. A thin, dry under lip indicates the reverse of Benevolence, and shows a constricted or impoverished condition of the glandular system, as well as a stingy, close-fisted person.

At

Physicians have long known the value of the lips as indicators of pathological and morbid states of the body, yet have never understood their use as an exponent of physiological and mental conditions and powers. In certain fevers the lower lip assumes a dry appearance, at other times a livid or pale hue, and denotes either inflammatory or impoverished conditions of the system. times the lips turn dark and crack, and are the seat of other disorders consequent on diseased states of remote parts of the organism or of general disturbances; as in fevers, etc. In many cases where the lips are full and the cheeks are thin, one set of glands are predominant over others. Thin cheeks indicate a lack of vigor in the glands of the abdomen, and consequently the faculties of Friendship and Sociality are measurably lacking; but in such persons it is usual to find the lips full, more especially the lower one. This appearance reveals the fact that the other glands are more perfectly and more strongly developed, as, for example, the mammary in women and the prostate and testes in men. In such persons the lack of Friendship is compensated by an increased development of Love of Young" and conjugal love. This love does not extend to friends, but is exclusively conjugal or sexual, and distinct from Friendship entirely. And thus there is ever this apparent attempt on the part of Nature to balance or compensate in some way the defects of certain parts of the organism mentally and physically. A man without love for friends and deficient in love for the opposite sex would be an anomaly. Many misers who have avoided the haunts of men and showed no friendly associative feelings whatever, have shown love for woman by desultory attachments to those of the opposite sex, and some slight feeling for their offspring, the result of such connections. The well-known John Elwes, once M.P. for Berkshire, England, was a miser of this description, and when he died bequeathed to his two illegitimate children £500,000. This person's portrait discloses an under lip rather more full and rounding than that of most misers; his upper lip also shows an average amount of Amative

ness, but Friendship and Sociality are altogether wanting in his

countenance.

Economy.-The faculty for economizing and making the most of one's materials is a noble and useful quality. Saving is neither meanness nor stinginess, as many seem to think, but is the result in most cases of a good development of conscientiousness; for this trait in combination with firmness is observed well defined in the faces of all who possess the saving faculty as a talent. Now, in order to understand the faculty of economy we must analyze its origin and action physiologically before we can comprehend its mental and moral aspects. In the first place, we must not confound saving with acquiring. In many cases the ability to save is the compensation for a lack of acquisition. Many persons are not endowed by Nature with a faculty for gaining much, and so the character, in order to sustain itself, has often the compensating faculty of economy. Yet many individuals possessed of good sound intellects, well balanced both as regards reason and practicality, and with good powers for acquisition, save and store up for themselves, as well as for others. Economy is not a faculty possessed by the defective alone, but in some is the outgrowth of a combination of reason, conscientiousness, benevolence and firmness. In highly developed characters, those possessed of power and principle, are found the faculties which lie at the base of their economy. Economy is derived from the normal action of the glands primarily; for in all those who are best adapted to store up and accumulate on a large scale (while at the same time using with sense their possessions), we find the storing-up capacity within their own systems. The glands create the juices of the body and accumulate a fund of tissue, which serve to keep the body in a state of vigor and usefulness. Economy also results from balanced condition of all the bodily or visceral organs, induced by the vigor and power which well-nourished glands have given to the organism. This creates such vigor of mind and breadth of judgment as to produce that quality of conservativeness which enables one to amass a large fortune, which by exercise of the same faculties may be used for the good of large numbers, as was the case with the fortune which Peter Cooper accumulated and which will be used as a fund in perpetuity for the education of the youth of New York. And herein lies another proof and demonstration of the theory that men of broad build and large, broad noses possess greater breadth of judgment than those of opposite formation.

The saving faculty is often exhibited by persons possessed of little power to acquire on a large scale. In their cases it enables them to balance their income with their expenditures, and often

such characters will possess in the end more than those with superior powers of acquisition.

Every faculty is primarily indebted for its vigor to the amount of nutriment furnished to the blood from the lymphatic or absorbent system; for the blood is the common carrier of all nutritious materials which rebuild and replenish all the tissues whatsoever, and every faculty of mind was once in the blood. The local sign for Economy is situated in the vegetative division of the face, and receives its power directly from glandular action and development. The law in scientific physiognomy in regard to localizing the facial signs is that each sign will be found situated within the system. from which it derives its support. For example, the local sign for Constructiveness is located on the side of the nose in the muscular formation. Conscientiousness is known by the width of the bony structure of the chin. Language is dependent upon muscle for its power, and all its signs are within the muscular system, viz., in the ear, the eye, the lips, the larynx, etc.

The economizing spirit manifests itself in a great variety of ways. Some will be saving of money, and not of property or goods; others will be saving of materials, yet give freely of personal service. One of the most lavish persons I ever observed gave liberally of his money, but would make no personal effort for friends, hardly bringing himself to speak up for their benefit when he might easily have done so. Every phase and each degree of Economy may be ascertained by a reference to the physiognomy and physiology of the individual. The desire to save is usually quite wanting in childhood. In such cases it should be cultivated, and if it is weak the child should be taught in all ways that it is an essential part of a well-balanced character; but the training in this direction must be systematic and persistent.

The economical traits of character are rather weak in Americans, and should be more cultivated by them. Economy is not miserliness, neither is it meanness; only the economist can be generous, for the spendthrift having no stores has nothing to use and nothing to give in time of need. Economy is a noble trait, for it requires both intellectual power to administer upon one's possessions, and strength of mind, of will, and of conscience to store up against the day of want, sickness and old age, as well as for the demands of benevolence. Indeed, in the faces of all in whom I have observed the saving and economical faculty the signs for Firmness and Conscientiousness were very noticeable. Storing up for selfish gratification is seldom practiced. Excessively selfish characters lack reason, hence are incapable of making a sufficiently wise use of their acquisitions as to save up against a

day of need, but spend as they go, and usually for their own wants and appetites. Benjamin Franklin was noted equally for his generosity and for his economy. His face exhibits the local signs for several sorts of economy, for there are several phases, as before mentioned.

The grade of intellectual development possessed by an individual will denote the sort of economy which he is capable of practicing or of understanding. Some devote their powers to Political Economy, and put their ideas before the world for the better protection of the people, or for a more equitable division of the products of labor; while others are only able to deal with the small economies of a modest home. The conserving spirit will manifest itself in each individual differently, and where it is most decided will make its presence felt. A little of this trait in public. affairs would result in a more just and equitable condition in the finances of our country, but as long as children are not trained to comprehend the value of property and to use it economically and with justice, just so long shall we have the loose and dishonest methods of financial management at present in vogue, both in municipal, State, and national governments. "A fountain cannot rise higher than its source." Men brought up without the principles of Economy well grounded in their youth cannot commence the practice in manhood with hope of succeeding.

The phrase Economy of Nature" is often used, and we would think sometimes in looking over the vast stores of natural resources that Nature was so prolific that there was no need of economizing. Yet Nature is lavish by reason of her Economy. It is only the economical who have anything with which to be lavish. The economies and conservation practiced by Nature in every human organism in the world is a subject for deep thought and investigation; yet this economy is nowhere more apparent than in those who are the most richly endowed with physical and mental gifts.

Hospitality.-Hospitality and Sociality are two phases of the same faculty, and both derive their support from the glandular system. The sign for this faculty adjoins the signs for Digestion and Friendship, and is in the immediate neighborhood of other glandular signs. Friendship and Hospitality are very nearly allied in character, for one phase of friendship exhibits hospitality and sociality, while other phases of friendship are manifested in other ways, depending on the faculties in combination.

Hospitality, like Friendship, presents two aspects, the selfish and the unselfish. As the action of the glands is dual, they being both secretory and excretory, it is natural that it should exhibit its accompanying faculty or sentiment in a dual manner. The glands

contribute juices that not only assist in building up a warm and strong circulation, which tends to personal health and enjoyment. Friendship enables us to warm toward others and gives the desire for association at table, and this in order to enhance our own enjoyment; not for charity, for the sake of giving a good meal to a hungry person, but for the selfish enjoyment which we derive from eating and talking with others. Fine and keen analysis is needed to discriminate the action of faculties which by Nature and location are closely allied; as, for example, Hospitality and Friendship, or Benevolence and Friendship. Their expression and action in many phases are quite similar. Yet analysis will prove their separate and distinct action. Hospitality in its primary aspect is related to Digestion, to eating and drinking; hence, the table is its field of action, and this is where it exhibits its highest expression and shows that it proceeds from that primary associative, gregarious instinct, which is observed in all gregarious animals who love to feed in company with each other.

In a more refined and cultivated sense, assisted by other faculties, it shows itself in other ways. In conjunction with Friendship it exhibits a range of activity quite different from the mere animal enjoyment of eating and drinking. It will be greatly influenced by other traits, which are stronger, and its action will be modified by them. The group of faculties in which its local sign is situated derives its support from similar organic sources, and this grouping of faculties and functions throughout the body and face is not the least remarkable circumstance in relation to it Mark the company in which it is found: Friendship adjoins it on its upper side, Digestion is near its lower side, while Approbativeness flatters and praises its efforts on another side, and Mirthfulness, Love of Home, Patriotism, Economy, and Love of Young are near neighbors. These are all derived from the action of the glands, and are located in the face, as are their organs in the body, in such close contiguity as to assist mutual action and reveal their near relationship. All evidence points to their glandular source. Nearly all faculties have a primitive derivation, and exhibit a primitive mode of expression; but cultivation by education and imitation gives variety and refinement to all faculties, until in many cases the primary meaning and expression of a function and faculty is lost sight of in the advanced refinement and æsthetic mode of its expression. I recall to mind the circumstance of a gentleman who was quite indignant at my statement that he derived his capacity for friendliness from his intestinal system; but after I showed him the face of a celebrated miser and explained the action of Friendship, he became quite reconciled to the idea that