correspondence and causes the difference between moral and immoral persons? Is it the nature of their surroundings alone? No; for, with equal opportunities and temptations, some are able to conduct themselves with more morality than others. Is it not, then, in inherited organisms? Is it not in certain combinations of organs, bones, blood, muscle, and tissue, so placed as to produce certain forms, which, by virtue of these inherited forms, the individual is able to be either moral or immoral? Is it possible for us to know how these moral or immoral qualities are produced, and are we not capable of understanding which forms are most inclined to morality or immorality? I claim that all this can be known; and not only that all these qualities can be detected, but that, by judicious mingling of forms and systems, vices can bo bred out of and virtues bred into the human family, just as it is done with the lower animals. What we need to know is, first, the meanings of the several organ systems and forms of the body; and then a wise and judicious combination of these principles, added to hygienic diet and health conditions, and moral and intellectual surroundings.

Since the theological and metaphysical method of investigating the bases of mind have given way to the physiological and demonstrable method, it is shown by our best thinkers,-those who have had experience with the defective classes of mankind,-that morality, as well as immorality, is a matter of physiological organization. The following, from the pen of Dr. Henry Maudsley, discloses to us that he comprehends the intimate connection between defective organisms and lack of moral sense. He observes:

The observations of intelligent prison surgeons are tending more and more to prove that a considerable proportion of criminals are weak-minded or epileptic, or come of families in which insanity or some other neurosis exists. Mr. Thompson, surgeon to the general prison of Scotland, has gone so far, recently, as to express his conviction that the principal business of prison surgeons must always be with mental defects or disease. He holds that there is among prisoners a distinct and incurable class marked by peculiar low physical and mental characteristics; that crime is hereditary in the families of criminals belonging to this class; that this hereditary crime is a disorder of mind belonging to this class; and that this hereditary crime is a disorder of mind having close relations of nature and descent to epilepsy, dipsomania, insanity, and other forms of degeneracy. Such criminals are really morbid varieties, and often exhibit marks of physical degeneracy, spinal deformities, stammering, imperfect organs of speech, clubfoot, cleft-palate, hare-lip, deafness, paralysis, epilepsy, and scrofula."

Here we have the evidence of one who has had great opportunities to study large numbers of defective and criminal persons,

* Body and Mind, H. Maudsley, M.D., p. 61.

and we find as a result that in a large majority of instances the lack of moral sense is accompanied with some organic defect. How essential, then, that bodily equilibrium and visceral integrity should be regarded as of as high importance as the inculcation of moral precepts. If the persons who had charge of our defective classes, such as habitual criminals, the insane, and the idiotic, understood physiognomy as a science, very great results to humanity would ensue. That the time will come when we shall all be judged and understood by our faces is not, I am convinced, far distant, and herein lies the opportunity for race-improvement by design; for, when men have learned to recognize the criminal or insane neuroses, as exhibited in the face, they will undoubtedly refrain from intermarrying with those who would be sure to curse. instead of bless posterity by reproducing their own weaknesses.

The more we investigate the effect of intoxicating drinks upon the system, and observe the utter absence of moral sense and self-control which follows their excessive and habitual use, the better we shall comprehend the terrible devastation and moral degradation which a diseased condition of the kidney system induces, for it is this system which receives the brunt of the shock in cases of long-continued inebriety. It is true that in these cases the heart, the liver, and the stomach are all involved in the general depreciation of moral and mental vigor; but the kidneys, being the largest excretory organs of the body, and those which, by excreting the fluid waste of the body, are the most important organs in the system, receive a larger share of labor and of the impurities of the organism engendered by excesses and the consumption of poisonous liquids. The faces of habitual criminals, or those in society who are morally weak, may be known by narrowness of chin, and many intelligent persons who have inherited apparently good intellects will often become criminal through a lack of conscientiousness and firmness, while at the same time they are intellectually conscious of the enormity and consequent sad results of their conduct. But, as Dr. Maudsley justly remarks, "some go criminal as others go insane-because they cannot help it." Added to the narrowness of the chin, we often observe in the same individual shortness of the chin also. Where these two appearances are combined, a lack of firmness, endurance, patience, and perseverance, a disposition to fly from one pursuit to another, will be present, and in this case it is almost impossible to make the subject successful in any department of learning or trade. These people remind one of the apes, whose chins (if they can be said to havechins) resemble theirs, and, as all know, these creatures cannot be trained to useful labor, notwithstanding their very keen, quick

observation and agile movements. Indeed, with the deprivation of the moral sense, it often happens that there is, as a compensation, an acute and cunning intellect.

No degree of moral sentiment will compensate one for absence of a true, inherent moral faculty. It cannot be comprehended even by those who are thus deficient. It behooves us, therefore, if we would be truly religious, truly conscientious, to eat and drink and order our habits in such manner as shall lead to a fine and strong development of the kidney system. All peppers, spices, intoxicating liquors, tea, and coffee should be avoided, and medicated food, such as contains drugs, spices, soda, saleratus, etc., should be eschewed. A man with weak or defectively organized kidneys cannot expect to live to old age. It is possible to exist many years with disorders of other organs, but the faces of all aged persons that I have ever seen have the sign for the kidneys well defined. It is right to inculcate moral sentiments, honesty, honorable motives, and fidelity to principle and truth. These ideas must be taught and kept constantly in the minds of old and young, but a strict regard to physiological truth and principles is equally binding, if we would save either soul or body here or hereafter.

There are so many fine gradations of each faculty discoverable in different persons that it is quite impossible to describe them all. They must be comprehended by the observer through his acquaintance with the laws and principles of scientific physiog nomy. Conscientiousness, for example, has as many different modes of manifestation and degrees of power as there are persons. So has love, and, indeed, it is the same with every mental faculty. But if we wish to consider integrity in its largest sense we must analyze it, and discover, if possible, its constituents. Many persons have the faculty of speaking the truth, and who are, at the same time, quite lax in regard to the payment of their just dues, and others act vice versa. Ordinary observers content themselves with calling such persons "inconsistent," but the scientific physiognomist, aided by the light of its principles, understands that these persons are true to the law of their organization; that they are entirely consistent with their physiological and anatomical combination and proportions. There is an integrity of the bony system and an integrity of the muscular system, as well as of the glandular, the nervous, the thoracic, and the brain systems. When an individual inherits all these systems in about equal degrees of power, and they are of a high quality, then we have a man of integrity in its highest sense. A man may possess an integrity of the bony system, and he will be naturally and spontaneously inclined to morality, without fear or hope of reward; that is to say,

he will be honest in his dealings, paying his debts, and can be always relied on for honesty, and also may exhibit considerable moral heroism. At the same time he may not evince integrity of the muscular system, and this will cause him to be dishonest in his treatment of the opposite sex, or he may be untruthful and unreliable in his statements. This kind of character is often met with. The organs of generation and of speech are almost entirely within the action of the muscular system; hence, any lack of integrity in or want of balance of this system would lead directly to irregularities of the sexual nature, or of erratic action of the speaking apparatus, and untruthfulness or deception would be the result.

An undeveloped or enfeebled condition of the glandular system exhibits its action in various ways. Color-blindness, or lack of integrity of the sight, is one method of manifesting its deficient organization. Color-blindness is due to a lack of supply of the coloring pigments and defective arterial circulation. When the glands fail to create a due amount of coloring matter for the general circulation, the organism does not receive its normal supply of coloring matter with which to supply and replenish the pigments, which assist not only the organs of sight and the ganglia of the other sense-organs, but those of smell and hearing, etc. One of the most significant circumstances observed in regard to color is that those who have the most color in their hair, eves, and complexion are the best adapted to judge of colors. Yet we often observe those who are color-blind in a certain degree who have considerable color, yet clearness of the skin is lacking, and this one circumstance prevents the individual from having a decidedly good and strong color-sense. Here we note that integrity of the general circulation has failed, and thus the individual is lacking in this form of integrity or conscientiousness; for conscientiousness is not a sentiment merely, but is, as you will doubtless become convinced, a matter of physiological organization, and dependent greatly upon the manner in which we live and upon our daily habits of eating and breathing. There are numerous laws which are called into action to produce a conscientious condition of the body. If a certain mechanical construction of the eye is defective, cross-eyes (strabismus) is the result. Other defects produce short-sightedness and squinting. Here, then, is a departure from trueness and conscientiousness. These persons are, in the degree that they are defective, so much less capable of correct and true action of their visual system, another form of immorality or untrueness,

Where the organs of hearing are mechanically defective the individual is incapable of the same degree of accuracy in regard

to sound and speech as where the auditory system is perfect. Another sort of immorality is induced by this defect.

We might continue this form of analysis of the faculty of Conscientiousness indefinitely, but sufficient is here noted to teach the fact that morality, integrity, conscientiousness, honor, and honesty in every department of the body is dependent mainly upon an equilibrated or honest condition of the several organ systems within the human organism.

Analysis of Firmness.-Firmness is indicated by length downward and forward of the ramus, or lower jaw-bone; it shows power in the individual to resist disease by the exercise of a firm and persevering determination to recover, as well as the power to persevere in a course calculated to restore health. This faculty being related to the bony system denotes that there is organic power,the power which the conscientious nature of bone yields, and this is useful in combating discased conditions. The face of Dr. Tanner (who once undertook the task of fasting forty days and succeeded) exhibits this faculty in a remarkable degree. His firmness and perseverance contributed materially to his success, while the superior bony structure which he possesses shows that the kidney system is uncommonly well developed. These two facultiesConscientiousness and Firmness-will carry one through not only great physical but also great moral disorders, and enable their possessors to stand upon principle against a world of opposition. Had Dr. Tanner exhibited equal power in other parts of his mind and body, but without Firmness, he could not have accomplished his self-imposed task.

The physiognomies of all long-lived persons have the sign for Firmness remarkably well developed. This faculty, physiologically developed, gives the power to endure and also to resist all that would tend to imperil health and life, and even after health is assailed the organic power which inheres in a good bony system often enables the individual to withstand the attack of disease and come off conqueror.

The northern tribes of North American aborigines have this faculty in excess; hence their indomitable will and power to resist diseases and recover from desperate wounds.

Among the civilized nations I have never known a man of eminent character to be greatly deficient in Firmness, and most men who excel in any great enterprise show the sign for Firmness well defined; even great criminals, especially those who have committed crimes requiring great endurance, hardship, and persistency, exhibit this trait in their physiognomies. Its location is worthy our attention, being close to Conscientiousness; it assists