140.

141.

How do we breathe?

Describe the diaphragm.

142. Explain the process of inspiration.

143. Explain the process of expiration. 144. What is coughing?

145. What is sneezing?

146. What is the effect of breathing the same air several times?

147. In how many ways is the air unfit for respiration? 148... How much fresh air ought to be supplied to each person per minute?

149.

How much air will the lungs hold?

150. What effect has an ill-ventilated school-room upon children?

151. What is the average number of respirations per minute?

152. What animals are most active? What most sluggish?

153. How does consumption waste the flesh and strength?

154. Why does sleep sometimes fail to refresh?

155. What is carbonic acid?

156. What is a common source of danger from carbonic acid?

157.

How does drowning produce death?

158. What necessity is imposed on all animals?

159. What reciprocal offices do animals and vegetables perform?

160. What is the temperature of the human body? 161. What is the origin of heat in living bodies?

162. Into what classes are animals divided in relation to heat?

163. What prevents an increase of temperature in the body?

164. What is insensible perspiration?

165. What is sensible perspiration?

166. Which protects from cold best, alcohol or food?

167. Which warms most, flesh or bread?

168. Why is more fat required for food in a cold climate than in a warm?

171.

172.

What part of the blood flows through the skin?
Describe the hair.

174.

Where is the seat of color in the skin?

What proportion of the waste of the body passes through the skin?

176. What connection exists between the internal organs and the skin?

177. 178.

What is the office of the skin?

Name those organs which carry off waste matter

from the body.

179.

the body.

Name those organs which bring fresh material to

180. Describe the minute structure of the perspiratory organs.

181. Of what does the nervous system consist?

182.

Describe the general outline of the brain.

183. How is the brain protected?

184. What large nervous trunks have their origin in the brain?

185. What is the spinal cord, and its position?

187. What three things are necessary for sensation? 188. Is the action of the different organs modified by the nerves?

189. Do the arteries have nerves?

190.

If the nerve which governs the action of the heart should be severed, what would the heart do?

200.

201.

202.

203. 204.

What moves the eye?

Describe the optic nerve.

How is vision produced?

How does the eye change as one grows old?

What is the difference between a short-sighted man

and one who is long-sighted?

205. Why are some persons cross-eyed?

What does the organ of hearing includer

Describe the external ear.

Describe the internal ear.

206.

207.

208.

ANSWERS

ΤΟ

Questions on Physiology.

I. The science of the organic functions of animals or plants.

2. The science of the structure of animal bodies.

3. That branch of medicine which treats of the preservation of health.

4. Food is the material we eat, changed by the action of the system into living flesh.

5. The mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, pancreas and intestinal canal.

6. The carnivorous have sharp front teeth, and long, sharp and pointed canine teeth, and grinders with high and sharpened points. The herbivorous have short, blunt, and strong front teeth; small canine teeth; but their molars are very large broad and flat, with slightly raised lines on their surface.

7. Sixteen in each jaw: four incisors in the center; one canine next to the incisors, on each side; then two bicuspids, and three molars.

8. They are composed of soft bone within, but are covered on the outside with an enamel of very hard texture, which admits of an exquisitely fine polish.

9. With long fangs, so they are not easily started from their places.

IO.

They are glands which empty their fluids into the

mouth. Their function is to secrete fluid which moistens the food during mastication, and assists, in a measure, in digestion.

II. The two larger ones, situated between the ear and upper part of the jaw, and are called parotid glands. Two smaller ones situated about half way between the symphesis, or center, are called submaxillary. Smaller ones still, underneath the tongue, are called sublingual.

12. It is separated from the mouth by the palate. Four passages open out of it: one leads forward to the mouth; a second, upward to the nose; a third, downward to the lungs; and a fourth, backward to the stomach.

13. A small valve placed over the mouth of the trachea, admitting air, but excluding all foreign substances.

14. It is a soft muscular tube, extending from the pharynx to the stomach, and is about nine inches in length, and some less than one inch in diameter. It is composed principally of two muscular coats; the fibers of one run lengthwise of the tube, and the fibers of the other passing around it in a circular manner.

15. Upon being forced back in the mouth to the pharynx it causes, by its presence, the muscles of the pharynx to contract upon it. This is the act of swallowing, and is beyond the control of the will. The circular fibers of the muscles of the oesophagus seize upon the morsel of food, and contracting, force it downward until it reaches the stomach.

16. It is an oval-shaped sac, situated below the diaphragm on the same plane with the liver, and lies mostly on the left side of the spine. It has two openings; an upper, or cardiac orifice, where the œsophagus enters; and a lower or pyloric orifice, which enters into the duodenum. It is composed of three coats: an outer, or serous coat, which is the same as that which lines the whole abdomen; a middle, or muscular coat composed of two layers of