syntax of verbs joined together. The syntax of imperfect times in this manner.

The presents by the infinite, and the verb may, or can; as for amem, amarem; I may love, I might love. And again; I can love, I could love.

The futures are declared by the infinite, and the verb shall, or will; as amabo, I shall or will love. Amavero addeth thereunto have, taking the nature of two divers times; that is, of the future and the time past.

I shall have loved: or

I will have loved.

The perfect times are expressed by the verb have; as amavi, amaveram.

I have loved, I had loved. Amaverim and amavissem add might unto the former verb; as

as

I might have loved.

The infinite past, is also made by adding have; amavisse, to have loved.

Verbs passive are made of the participle past, and am the verb; amor and amabar, by the only putting to of the verb; as

amor, I am loved;

amabar, I was loved.

Amer and amarer have it governed of the verb may or can; as

Amer, I may be loved; or I can be loved. Amarer, I might be loved, or I could be loved. In amabor it is governed of shall or will; as I shall or will be loved.

CHAP. VII.

OF THE SYNTAX OF ADVERBS.

THIS therefore is the syntax of words having number; there remaineth that of words without number, which standeth in adverbs or conjunctions. Adverbs are taken one for the other; that is to say, adverbs of likeness, for adverbs of time; As he spake those words, he gave up the ghost. Gower, lib. 1:

Anone, as he was meek and tame,

He found towards his God the same.

The like is to be seen in adverbs of time and place, used in each others stead, as among the Latins and the Grecians.

Sir John Cheek:

O! with what spite was sundred so noble a body from so godly a mind.

Jewel:

It is too light a labour to strive for names. Chaucer :

Thou art at ease, and hold thee wel therein. As great a praise is to keep well, as win. Adjectives compared,' when they are used adverbially, may have the article the going before. Jewel:

The more inlarged is your liberty, the less cause have you to complain.

Nort. to the rebels:

Think you her majesty and the wisest of the realm have no care of their own souls, that have charge both of their own and yours?

These prepositions follow sometimes the nouns they are coupled with: God hath made princes their subjects guides, to direct them in the way, which they have to walk in.

But ward or wards; and toward or towards, have the same syntax that versus and adversus have with the Latins; that is, the latter coming after the noun which it governeth, and the other contrarily.

Nort. in Paul Angel's Oration to Scanderbech: For his heart being unclean to Godward, and spiteful towards men, doth always imagine mischief.

Lidgate, lib. 7:

And south-ward runneth to Caucasus,
And folk of Scythie, that bene laborious.

1 The Greek article is set before the positive also: Theocrit. είδ. γ. Τίτυρ', ἐμὶν τὸ καλὸν πεφιλαμένη. * In Greek and Latin they are coupled; some with one oblique case, some with another.

9 The Hebrews set them always before

Sir John Cheek : Either by ambition you seek lordliness, much unfit for you; or by covetousness, ye be unsatiable, a thing likely enough in you, or else by folly, ye be not content with your estate, a fancy to be pluckt out of

you.

Lidgate, lib. 2:

Wrong, clyming up of states and degrees, Either by murder, or by false treasons Asketh a fall, for their final guerdons. Here, for nor in the latter member, ne is sometimes used:

Lambert:

But the archbishop set himself against it, affirming plainly, that he neither could, ne would suffer it.

The like syntax is also to be marked in so, and as, used comparatively; for, when the comparison is in quantity, then so goeth before, and as followeth.

Ascham :

He hateth himself, and hasteth his own hurt, that is content to hear none so gladly, as either a fool or a flatterer

Gower, lib. 1:

Men wist in thilk time none

So fair a wight, as she was one. Sometime for so, as cometh in.

Chaucer, lib. 5. Troil.

And said, I am, albeit to you no joy,

As gentle a man, as any wight in Troy.

But if the comparison be in quality, then it is

contrary.

Gower:

For, as the fish, if it be dry
Mote in default of water dye :
Right so without air, or live,
No man, ne beast, might thrive.

And, in the beginning of a sentence, serveth instead of an admiration: And, what a notable sign of patience was it in Job, not to murmur against the Lord!

Chaucer, 3d book of Fame :

What, quoth she, and be ye wood!
And, wene ye for to do good,

And, for to have of that no fame !

Conjunctions of divers sorts are taken one for another : : as, But, a severing conjunction, for a conditioning:

Chaucer in the Man of Law's Tale :

But it were with the ilk eyen of his mind, With which men seen' after they ben blind. Sir Thomas More:

Which neither can they have, but you give it; neither can you give it, if ye agree not. The self-same syntax is in and, the coupling conjunction:

The Lord Berners in the Preface to his Translation of Froisart:

What knowledge should we have of ancienthings past, and history were not r

Sir John Cheek: Ye have waxed greedy now upon cities, and have attempted mighty spoils, to glut up, and you could, your wasting hunger.

On the other side, for, a cause-renderer, hath sometime the force of a severing one.

Lidgate, lib. 3.

But it may fall a Drewry in his right,
To outrage a giant for all his great might.

Here the two general exceptions are termed, Asyndeton and Polysyndeton.

Asyndeton, when the conjunction wanteth : The universities of Christendom are the eyes, the lights, the leaven, the salt, the seasoning of the worla.

Gower:

To whom her heart cannot heal,
Turn it to woe, turn it to weal.

Here the sundering conjunction, or, is lacking, and in the former example, and, the coupler. Polysyndeton is in doubling the conjunction more than it need to be:

Gower, lib. 4:

So, whether that he frieze, or sweat, Or 'tte be in, or 'tte be out,

He will be idle all about.

CHAP. IX.

OF THE DISTINCTION OF SENTENCES.

ALL the parts of Syntax have already been declared. There resteth one general affection of the whole, dispersed thorough every member thereof, as the blood is thorough the body; and consisteth in the breathing, when we pronounce any sentence. For, whereas our breath is by nature so short, that we cannot continue without a stay to speak long together; it was thought necessary as well for the speaker's ease, as for the plainer deliverance of the things spoken, to invent this means, whereby men pausing a pretty while, the whole speech might never the worse be understood.

These distinctions are either of a perfect or imperfect sentence. The distinctions of an imperfect sentence are two, a comma and a semicolon.

A comma is a mean breathing, when the word serveth indifferently, both to the parts of the sentence going before, and following after, and is marked thus (,).

A semicolon is a distinction of an imperfect sentence, wherein with somewhat a longer breath, the sentence following is included; and is noted thus (;).

Hither pertaineth a parenthesis, wherein two commas include a sentence:

Thus the poor gentleman suffered grief; great for the pain; but greater for the spite. Gower, lib. 2. Speaking of the envious person: Though he a man see vertuous,

And full of good condition,

Thereof maketh he no mention.

The distinction of a perfect sentence hath a more ull stay, and doth rest the spirit, which is a pause or a period.

A pause is a distinction of a sentence, though perfect in itself, yet joined to another, being marked with two pricks (:).

A period is the distinction of a sentence, im all respects perfect, and is marked with one full prick over against the lower part of the last letter, thus (.)

If a sentence be with an interrogation, we use this note (?)

Sir John Cheek:

Who can perswade, where treason is above reason; and might ruleth right; and it is had for lawful, whatsoever is lustful; and commotioners are better than commissioners; and common woe is named commonwealth?

Chaucer, 2d book of Fame :

Loe, is it not a great mischance,

To let a fool have governance

Of things, that he cannot demain ? Lidgate, lib. 1:

For, if wives be found variable,

Where shall husbands find other stable?

If it be pronounced with an admiration, then thus (!).

Sir Thomas More :

O Lord God, the blindness of our mortal nature!

Chaucer, 1st book of Fame:

Alas! what harm doth apparence,
When it is false in existence!

These distinctions, as they best agree with nature, so come they nearest to the ancient stays of sentences among the Romans and the Grecians. An example of all four, to make the matter plain, let

us take out of that excellent oration of Sir John Cheek against the rebels, whereof before we have made so often mention:

When common order of the law can take no place in unruly and disobedient subjects; and all men will of wilfulness resist with rage, and think their own violence to be the best justice: then be wise magistrates compelled by necessity to seek an extreme remedy, where mean salves help not, and bring in the martial law where none other law serveth.

AN ECLOGUE ON THE DEATH OF BEN JONSON, BETWEEN MELIBEUS AND HYLAS.

Mel. Hylas, the clear day boasts a glorious sun,
Our troop is ready, and our time is come:
That fox who hath so long our lambs destroy'd,
And daily in his prosperous rapine joy'd,

Is earth'd not far from hence; old Egon's son,
Rough Corilas, and lusty Corydon,
In part the sport, in part revenge desire,
And both thy tarrier and thy aid require.
Haste, for by this, but that for thee we stay'd,
The prey-devourer had our prey been made :
Hyl. Oh! Melibus, now I list not hunt,
Nor have that vigour as before I wont;
My presence will afford them no relief,
That beast I strive to chase is only grief.

Mel. What mean thy folded arms, thy downcast eves,

Tears which so fast descend, and sighs which rise?
What mean thy words which so distracted fall
As all thy joys had now one funeral?
Cause for such grief, can our retirements yield?
That follows courts, but stoops not to the field.
Hath thy stern step-dame to thy sire reveal'd
Some youthful act, which thou couldst wish con-
ceal'd?

Part of thy herd hath some close thief convey'd
From open pastures to a darker shade?
Part of thy flock hath some fierce torrent drown'd?
Thy harvest fail'd, or Amarillis frown'd?

Hyl. Nor love nor anger, accident nor thief,
Hath rais'd the waves of my unbounded grief:

Mel. JONSON you mean, unless I much do err, I know the person by the character.

Hyl. You guess aright, it is too truly so, From no less spring could all these rivers flow. Mel. Ah, Hylas! then thy grief I cannot call A passion, when the ground is rational.

I now excuse thy tears and sighs, though those
To deluges, and these to tempests rose :
Her great instructor gone, I know the age
No less laments than doth the widow'd stage,
And only vice and folly now are glad,
Our gods are troubled, and our prince is sad:
He chiefly who bestows light, health, and art,
Feels this sharp grief pierce his immortal heart,
He his neglected lyre away hath thrown,
And wept a larger, nobler Helicon,
To find his herbs, which to his wish prevail,
For the less love should his own favourite fail:
So moan'd himself when Daphne he ador'd,
That arts relieving all, should fail their lord.
Hyl. But say, from whence in thee this know
ledge springs,

Of what his favour was with gods and kings.