With the agricultural resources developed fully so as to relieved the dependency upon the range, and with livestock increased in value, temporary relief will be given the Navajo. However, in view of the increasing Navajo population and the stationary reservation land status, it ought to be recognized that the reservation is no longer large enough to support the Navajo population with an idea of advancing their position in life.

When every resource of the reservation is fully developed I doubt if it will be sufficient to provide more than an existence.

Approved.

DONALD E. HARBISON, Forest Supervisor.

JOHN G. HUNTER, Superintendent.

DESCRIPTION OF UNITS

I. Tohatchi unit.-From Gorman's store due west 21⁄2 miles along boundary: thence following along base of breaks to the northwest until about 6 miles west of Mexican Springs; thence circling along the foothills to the northwest behind Tohatchi and following east and then north along west edge of grasslands to the northern boundary of the jurisdiction; east to the east boundary of the jurisdiction; thence south to the foot of Mesa de Los Lobs; thence following this westward to the place of beginning.

II. From the junction of the bluffs and the Washington Pass Road on the east side of the Chuska Mountains east along road to the edge of the pinion; thence south along the edge of the pinon to hill 1 mile behind Tohatchi; thence northward along bluffs to place of beginning.

III. Chuska Peak unit.-From the junction of the bluffs and the Washington Pass Road on the east side of the Chuska Mountains west along road to foothills on the west side of range; thence south to the Navajo base line; thence east to boundary of Unit I, following this north to the junction with boundary of Unit II; thence north along Unit II to place of beginning.

IV. The Palisades unit.-North from the Washington Pass Road to the divide between Wheatfield Creek and Pena Blanca Creek, and westward from the east scarp on the Chuska Mountains to the western foothills.

V. Tsailee unit.-From the divide between Wheatfield Creek and Pena Blanca Creek on the south, north to the Lukachukai-Redrock Road, and from the summit of the Tunitcha Mountains westward to the base of the foothills.

VI. Lukachukai unit.-From the Lukachukai-Redrock Road northwest along the divide of the Lukachukai Mountains to a point due east of Los Gigantes Buttes; thence south and southeast along the base of foothills to the Lukachukai-Redrock Road; thence northwest along road to place of beginning.

VII. Greasewood Springs unit. From the Lukachukai-Redrock Road on the north, southward along base of foothills to Spuce Brook; thence westward along Spruce Brook to head of Canyon del Muerto; then along north rim of canyon to Greasewood-Chin Lee Road, then swinging westward to point of beginning. VIII. Wheatfields unit.-From the north rim of Canyon de Chelly on the south to Spruce Brook and the south rim of Canyon del Muerto on the north and from the junction of Canyon del Muerto with Canyon de Chelly on the west to the base of the foothills on the Chuska Mountains on the east.

IX. Sonsela Butte unit.-From Whiskey Creek and the south rim of Canyo de Chelly on the north to the Crystal-Chin Lee Road on the south and from the east rim of Monument Canyon on the west to the base of the western foothills of the Chuska Mountains.

X. Defiance Plateau timber unit. From the Crystal-Chin Lee Road on the north, southward along the Defiance Plateau in the pine type to the southern tip of the type.

XI. Black Creek unit. From the Crystal-Chin Lee Road south along base of western foothills of Chuska Mountains to the Navajo base line, thence about 41⁄2 miles eastward to the boundary of Unit I, then southeast along rim of breaks to the reservation boundary; thence due west to the Arizona-New Mexico State line; thence due south along to the reservation boundary; thence about 5 miles west along boundary to the west rim of Black Creek Canyon; thence northward following rim to Hunters Point, then swinging northwest to the eastern boundary of Unit X; thence north to the Chin Lee-Crystal Road and east to the place of beginning.

XII. Todokozh Spring unit.-From Cross Canyon southwest along Klag-e-toh Wide Ruins-Chambers Road to south boundary of the reservation, thence following boundary eastward to Unit XI, thence northward to Unit X

and around Unit X to the Cross Canyon-St. Michaels Road, and thence west to the place of beginning.

XIII, Kin Li Chee unit.-From Ganado north along the Nozlini Post Road to the south fork of Nozlini Creek, thence eastward to Unit X, thence south to the Cross Canyon-St. Michaels Road and west to the place of beginning.

XIV. Nozlini Creek unit.-From the south end of the Monument Canyon southwest along the west boundary of Unit X to the south fork of Nozlini Creek, thence westward and northward along Nozlini Creek, thence westward and northward along Nozlini Creek to Nozlini Post Office, thence northeast to Tatezaka Tals and the west fork of Monument Canyon, and thence southward along the west rim of the Monument Canyon to place of beginning. XV. Sheep Dip Creek unit.-From Chin Lee north along east side of the Chin Lee wash to the southern tip of Round Rock Mesa, thence following the east scarp of the mesa around to the north to Lukachukai Creek, thence up the south side of said creek to a point due west of Lukachukai Creek, thence up the east to Lukachukai, thence south along Lukachukai-Greasewood Road to Greasewood, thence following the boundary of Unit VII to Canyon del Muerto and along the north rim to Chin Lee.

XVI. From Chin Lee east along rim of Canyon de Chelly to boundary of Unit XIV southwest to Nozlini, then north along Nozlini Creek to road crossing south of Chin Lee, thence north to Chin Lee.

XVII. Los Gigantes Buttes unit.-From Greasewood eastward and northward along the west boundary of Units VII and VI to a point on the Lukachukai divide due east of the Los Gigantes Buttes, thence west to Lukachukai Creek, thence along north side of Lukachukai Creek following boundary of Unit XVI to point of beginning.

XVIII. Round Rock Mesa unit.-From the southern tip of Round Rock Mesa north along the Chin Lee wash to boundary of jurisdiction, thence east to Lukachukai Creek, thence south along the east scarp of the mesa to the place of beginning.

XIX. Chin Lee wash unit.-From the foothills 5 miles south of Chin Lee, near 4-mile sawmill, southwest to gap between Carson and Chin Lee Mesas; thence north along east scarp of Carson Mesa to north boundary of jurisdic tion, thence east to Chin Lee wash, thence south to Chin Lee and along road to place of beginning.

XX. Beautiful Valley unit.-From Nozlini Creek Ford south of Chin Lee south along Chin Lee-Ganado Road 4 miles, then swinging along hill to east scarp of Chin Lee Mesa, thence south to north point of Ganado Mesa, thence along scarp of Ganado Mesa east to divide between Beautiful Valley and Ganado Reservoir, thence along road to Nozlini, thence north along Nozlini Creek to point of beginning.

XXI. Ganado Mesa unit.-From Lizard Springs northwest along scarp of Ganado Mesa to north point of Mesa following boundary of Unit XX to Noxlini-Ganado Road, thence south along road to Ganado Reservoir, thence west along southern scarp of mesa swinging north to point of beginning.

XXII. Klag-e-toh unit.-From the mission at Cornfields southeast along the road to Klag-e-toh, thence northeast along road to Cross Canyon, thence west along road to Ganado, thence along Pueblo Colorado wash to a point due west of Cornfields mission, and thence east to point of beginning.

XXIII. Cornfields unit.-From Cornfields mission southeast along road to Klag-e-toli, thence south along road to Wide Ruins, thence south along Wide Ruins-Chambers Road to south boundary of reservation, thence west along reservation boundary to the Pueblo Colorado wash, thence north along wash to Sunrise-Indian Wells Road, thence along east scarp of Sunrise Mesa to the point at the divide between the Pueblo Colorado and Chin Lee washes, thence swinging north to Lizard Springs, thence following the boundaries of Units XXVII, XXI, XIII, and XII to place of beginning.

XXIV. Steamboat Canyon unit.-From Sunrise Spring south to Indian Wells Road, thence swinging northwest and west to the west boundary of the jurisdiction, thence north to the south rim of Salahkai Mesa, thence southeast along foot of rim to southeast point, across to northeast point of Steamboat Mesa, following the foothills around to the southeast to north point of Sunrise Mesa, then south along east scarp of Sunrise Mesa to Sunrise Springs.

XXV. Twin Mesas unit.-From Unit XXIV on the north to the south boundary of the reservation and from the west boundary of the jurisdiction eastward to the Pueblo Colorado wash.

XXVI. Salahkai Mesa unit.-All of Salahkai Mesa.

XXVII. Chin Lee Mesa unit. From Lizard Springs northeast along scarp of Ganado Mesa, thence north along rim of Beautiful Valley to 5 miles southwest of Chin Lee, then west along rim of Chin Lee Mesa, south of lake which lies in basin between Carson and Chin Lee Mesas, then west up wash to Todohozh Springs, then northwest to Lohali Point, thence along east side of valley to hill 7550 on Black Mesa, thence south to Sasetahha Mesa, thence south along divide between the Polacca and Toadind Daaska Mesa, thence southwest along divide between the Polacca and Chin Lee drainages to junction of Polacca-Chin Lee Road and west boundary of jurisdiction.

XXVIII. Carson Mesa unit.-From boundary of Unit XXVII on the south to the boundary of the jurisdiction on the north and from the rim of Carson Mesa on the east to the rim of Black Mesa on the west and the western boundary of the jurisdiction.

XXIX. Black Mesa unit.-All lands not otherwise alloted on Black Mesa.

Senator FRAZIER. We will adjourn for one hour.

(At 12.15 o'clock p. m. a recess was taken until 1.15 o'clock p. m. of the same day.)

AFTER RECESS

Dr. RICHARD H. POUSMA was thereupon called as a witness, and, after being first duly sworn, testified as follows:

Senator FRAZIER. State your full name to the committee.

Doctor POUSMA. Richard Pousma.

Senator FRAZIER. You are a physician at Gallup?

Doctor POUSMA. At Rehoboth, 5 miles east of Gallup.

Senator FRAZIER. You have had some experience with the Indians?

Doctor POUSMA. Yes, sir.

Senator FRAZIER. In the Indian Service?

Doctor POUSMA. No, sir; in the missionary service.

Senator FRAZIER. In the nature of a physician with them?

Doctor POUSMA. Yes, sir.

Senator FRAZIER. How long have you been in this work out here? Doctor POUSMA. Four years.

Senator FRAZIER. Tell us briefly of the situation, the health situation especially, as of the time you came here and the present time, with the changes that have taken place, if any.

Doctor POUSMA. Regarding the changes that have taken place, I think that has been a very great improvement during the last four years, particularly with regard to the Government service. You have greatly increased the number of your physicians. You have a better caliber of physicians than you had formerly. You are making conditions a great deal better for them and making it much more attractive for them to stay. That has helped a great deal. The fact that the Indians are patronizing the hospitals so much more than they did four years ago speaks for itself, too.

Senator FRAZIER. In other words, these Navajos seem to be very progressive and willing to take advantage of every condition that is offered to them just as soon as they understand it to be for their benefit; is that the idea?

Doctor POUSMA. They do with regard to the medical work. During the last few years they have taken a great deal more interest in the medical work than they did previously.

Senator FRAZIER. Any other statement you wish to make, Doctor? Doctor POUSMA. Yes, sir. I attended the meeting you held at Fort Wingate, at Crownpoint, and at Albuquerque. I noticed you gentlemen stressed two diseases particularly in your questions. One

was trachoma, the other was tuberculosis, both of which are very important matters among the Navajos. But, it seems to me, that you neglected the most important disease which is threatening the Navajos at the present time. That is syphilis.

About two years ago I made a report for the Southwestern Medical Journal, reporting on 356 cases of adult Indians who entered our hospital for various reasons. We made this test on every adult Indian, regardless of the nature of the trouble he came to us for. We found that 51 of the 356, or about 15 per cent, 1 in each 7 adult Navajo Indians, showed a 4-plus Wassermann test, which is syphilis in its severest form. That does not mean that the Navajos on the reservation run that average. A syphilitic Indian is more liable to be ill and need hospital attention than one who is not syphilitic, but it is a situation that I regard as a rather alarming thing that there is such a large percentage of syphilis among the Navajos.

Since two years ago we have continued our tests on about 300 more Indians. We find that the average is not by any means less. If anything, it is increasing somewhat. Something ought to be done by the Government authorities to stop that, if possible..

Senator FRAZIER. What was the percentage in the 300 tests? Doctor POUSMA. I have not the exact figures, but it is at least 15 per cent. It occurs to me that syphilis among the Navajos is of fairly recent origin. The reason I make that suggestion is that two able physicians who have been here in former years, Doctor Richards, of Fort Defiance, and Doctor Moulter, of our own hospital, they made the remark that venereal disease was practically unknown among the Indians. They were correct at that time, but they would not make a statement like that at this time. Doctor Reid, a very able Government physician, whom you formerly had at Fort Wingate, run a Wassermann test on 600 or more children over there. He finds there were only about 15 of those children, 15 in 600 that showed a positive Wassermann. That seems to me that it is comparatively recent, because if there are old cases it is transmitted to the children and it would show up in a large number of the school children, but it does not show up in them. It does show up in their parents. We are getting it now among the children. We have had a number of syphilitic infants in our hospital and younger children we have treated. Something ought to be done about that.

If you will pardon me, Senator, I will offer suggestions that I myself have figured out ought to remedy this situation.

Senator FRAZIER. We will be glad to have your suggestions. Doctor POUSMA. First and most important to my mind is this, that the Indian Bureau see to it that every pupil in the older grades is instructed regarding the nature of syphilis and gonorrhea. These children ought to be taught the physiology of the sex organs. They ought to be taught the nature of the two diseases. They know something of G. C. They know nothing about syphilis. You talk to the Indians about these blood diseases and it is Greek to them. All of the boys and girls come to the schools now without having any knowledge regarding those two diseases. It will not wipe it out completely, but it will restrain them to a certain extent, and the Government and we mission people will at least have the responsibility off our shoulders when we have warned them. That is the first suggestion.

Another thing is this: An Indian will receive treatment for two or three weeks until he gets by the acute symptoms of his disease. But you are going to find it practically impossible to hold him of his own accord longer than that until he has completed a series of treatments. The Indian is a Government ward, and just as the soldiers are compelled to undergo treatment in the Army so can the Government compel the Indians to receive a full course of treatments before they are dismissed. I believe that ought to be done.

A third matter in correcting it is this: These Indians if they get burned are not very hesitant about saying where they get it. I remember one occasion in particular where a very sick young man came to me. I asked him where he got it. He told me promptly. I said, "Any more boys in that trouble?" He said, "Yes; there are seven school boys who are in the same fix as I am and who are ashamed to come to the hospital. They all got it from the same Indian girl." When we meet a situation like that I feel that a woman like that ought to be promptly taken in charge and she should undergo a full treatment for the cure of her disease before she is dismissed. Those are the three elements that appear to me to be practical and of help.

Senator FRAZIER. You do not blame it on the Indians altogether, do you?

Doctor POUSMA. The white people have it in a lesser percentage, the Mexicans in a greater percentage than at present among the Navajos.

Senator ASHURST. Did you say the percentage of those afflicted with this social disease is 15 per cent?

Doctor POUSMA. Fifteen and seven-tenths per cent in our first series of 356 cases—that is, of adult Indians-entering our hospital for all causes. I have every reason to believe in a pueblo such as Zuni, where I go fairly frequently, the percentage is very much higher than that. There you will find it of much older origin, too. Senator FRAZIER. Any other statement, Doctor?

Doctor POUSMA. Yes, sir. You asked almost every doctor who appeared before you whether he goes out when the Indians call upon him. The doctors always like to answer yes, but I think sometimes it is very foolish for the doctor to go out, because one of the greatest griefs the doctor has to put up with is to be called out on a very hard trip of 30 to 50 miles to an Indian who needs nothing but an aspirin tablet, and if the Indians know that a doctor will answer they will make many unnecessary calls. They have had that experience in Canada, where in the country districts the doctor goes out and responds to calls, but they have been compelled to charge the country people a certain price to be paid to the doctor in order to hold down the number of unimportant calls that the doctor would get out in the field. You will have the same situation among the Indians. All new doctors want to answer every call, but they soon find out that it is a grievous loss of time to do that. There ought to be some kind of a check made by which a doctor will not have to go out unnecessarily. A very important thing, to my mind, is to hold clinics. These clinics are well attended by the Navajos. I hold them every week. They do not call me during the intervening seven days. They know I am going to be there on that particular day, and they appear for treatment. If they need hospital care they will come