tempt; that such proceedings are not in execution of the criminal laws of the land; that the penalty for a violation of injunction is no substitute for and no defense to a prosecution for any criminal offenses committed in the course of such violation; that the complaint filed in this case clearly showed an existing obstruction of artificial highways for the passage of interstate commerce and the transmission of the mail-an obstruction not only temporarily existing, but threatening to continue; that under such complaint the Circuit Court had power to issue its process of injunction; that it having been issued and served on these defendants, the Circuit Court had authority to inquire whether its orders had been disobeyed, and when it found that they had been, then to proceed under section 725, Revised Statutes, which grants power "to punish by fine or imprisonment, disobedi

ence,

by any party

or other person, to any lawful writ, process, order, rule, decree or command," and enter the order of punishment complained of; and, finally, that, the Circuit Court, having full jurisdiction in the premises, its finding of the fact of disobedience is not open to review on habeas corpus in this or any other court.

The petition for a writ of habeas corpus is

Denied.

NOTE. See articles by F. J. Stimson on The Modern Use of Injunctions, Political Science Quarterly, X. 189 (1895), and by William H. Dunbar on Government by Injunction, Law Quarterly Review, XIII., 347 (1897). The latter has been reprinted by the American Economic Association in Economic Studies, Vol. III., No. I.

INDEX.

Adams, Charles Francis, Life of Richard Henry Dana, 351.

Adams, President John, 17.

Aliens, Exclusion of, 596, 598, 600.

Amendments of U. S. Constitution, 498, 510.

Fourth, 361.

Fifth, 133, 153, 290, 361, 468, 471, 482, 509, 540.

Sixth, 361.

Tenth, 125, 164, 310, 524.

Eleventh, 616, 632, 634.

Twelfth, 498.

Thirteenth, 491, 498, 499, 528, 531, 558.

Fourteenth, 290, 298, 307, 491, 501, 513, 516, 519, 523, 527, 531,

534, 540.

Fifteenth, 502.

Articles of Confederation, 86, 127, 163, 323, 480, 505, 555, 591, 622, 639, 640.
Compared with Constitution, 30.

Government under, 173, 200, 201, 604, 610.

Atterbury, Bishop, 375 n.

Attorney General, 334, 335.

Austria, Emperor of, 168.

Baldwin, Justice, 549, 590, 595.

Cited, 639.

Bank of the United States, 32, 33, 142.

Power of Congress to incorporate, 308.

Bankruptcy, 217, 405, 406, 408, 410, 432, 433, 438, 439, 448, 450.

In England, 446.

Bates, Chancellor, 249.

Belligerents, 343, 349.

Biddle, George W., Constitutional History as Seen in American Law,
491.

Bills of Attainder, 372, 383, 387, 403, 440.

Bills of Credit, 102, 103, 106, 107, 109-118, 127, 131, 156, 164, 166-169.

Legal tender not an essential quality, 105, 128.

Prohibition on States to issue, 112.

See Legal Tender, Money.

Bill of Rights, 469, 470, 539.

Black Code, 530.

Blackstone, Sir William, 377, 385, 402, 418, 515, 543.

Blair, Justice, 615.

Blockade, Effect of, 347.

Power of President to institute, 342, 348.

Relation of neutrals to, 343.

Bracton, 605.

Bradley, Justice, 510.

Cited, 285, 597, 660.

Opinions by, 68, 156, 519, 571.

Brewer, Justice, 280, 602.

Opinion by, 660.

Bridges, 303, 304.

Brougham, Lord, 368.

Brown, Justice, 100.

Bryce, American Commonwealth, 323, 490.

Burke, Edmund, 540.

Campbell, Justice, 488, 490, 491.

Capture, Right of, 343.

Carson, The Supreme Court of the United States, 351, 616.

Catron, Justice, 55, 219, 275, 350, 488, 489, 490, 491.

Census, Power to take, 142.

Charges, Regulation of, 291, 293, 294.

Chase, Chief Justice, 254, 371, 394, 500, 510.

Cited, 65, 167, 660.

Opinions by, 46, 57, 119, 552, 570, 654.

Chase, Justice, Opinions by, 26, 372.

Cherokee Nation, 585.

Chicago, 300.

Chicago River, 302.

Chinese cases, 595.

Citizens of United States, 473, 475, 478, 489, 502.

Privileges and immunities of, 54, 477, 497, 504, 507, 508, 509, 529.
Distinguished from citizens of the States, 474, 503.

See Negro.

Civil rights, 467, 472, 479, 518, 526.

Clarendon, Lord, 375 n., 388.

Cleveland, President, 638.

Clifford, Justice, 85, 254, 350, 518, 582.

Cited, 89.

Opinion by, 71.

Coasting trade, 187.

Coke, Sir Edward, 497, 536.

Commerce, 46, 47, 52, 173, 175, 179, 185, 191, 193, 200, 201, 210, 215, 223,
227, 229, 240, 241, 243, 246, 250, 253, 255, 259, 267, 270, 272,
275, 276, 302, 312, 528, 546, 665.

Concurrent or exclusive control of, 52, 180, 210, 242, 244, 245, 252,
261, 270, 271.

Control of Congress over, 179, 188, 205, 210, 213, 220, 232, 240, 244,

245, 255, 261, 266, 298, 303.

Control of States over, 215, 232, 254, 270, 275, 278, 280, 304.

Foreign commerce, 178.

Includes intercourse, 255, 261.

navigation, 175, 177, 188, 234.

passenger traffic, 189, 219, 222, 225, 232, 252, 254, 260.
transportation, 249, 250, 252-254, 260, 273, 660.

Regulation of charges not an interference with, 267, 293.

Commerce, continued.

Internal commerce, 47, 205, 221, 251, 254, 261, 270, 278, 298.
Interstate commerce, 178, 186, 249, 252, 253, 260, 261, 265, 269, 271,
285, 286, 660, 661, 664, 666.

Common law, 297, 538.

Confederate States of America, 146.

Conflict of laws, 444.

Congress, Powers of, 162, 309, 344, 406, 527, 577, 600.

Limitations on, 168, 325.

Connecticut, Constitution of, 379, 542.

Constitution of United States, 139, 538, 598, 611, 624.

Adoption of, 309.

Objections to, 39, 362.

Source of, 309, 616.

Supremacy of, 34, 37, 205, 310, 620.

Constitutionality of legislation, 20, 21, 27, 120, 123, 126, 379, 397, 465,

481, 519.

Effect of invalidity of part of statute, 98.

Presumption in favor of validity, 137, 193, 289.

See Judicial Power.

Construction of Constitution, 138, 148, 149, 161, 163, 174, 175, 194, 217,
244, 282, 312, 320, 540, 617, 626, 636.

Loose construction, 174.

Strict construction, 174, 318.

of legislative grants, 457, 460.

of statutes, 120, 138, 175, 341, 357, 458.

Contract, Impairment of obligation of, 121, 133, 150, 152, 153, 164, 376,
395, 401-403, 405, 406, 414, 423, 424, 428, 429, 432, 433, 435,
436, 440, 454, 522.

Is a charter a contract, 414, 416, 423, 424, 461, 464.

Convention of 1787, 86, 164, 408, 411, 570, 588.

Cooley, Thomas M., Constitutional History as Seen in American Law,

615.

Constitutional Limitations, 83 n., 84 n., 267, 537.

On Taxation, 90.

Corporations, 419.

of one State may do business in another, 258.

Liability of foreign corporations, 263.

Power of Congress to create, 314, 320, 322.

Power of States to tax, 264.

Coulter, J., cited, 84.

Coxe, Judicial Power and Unconstitutional Legislation, 24.

Crime, Punishment of, 141, 148, 317.

Currency, Power of Congress to provide, 62, 167.

Curtis, Justice, 488, 489, 491.

Cited, 537.

Opinion by, 235.

Cushing, Caleb, 478.

Cushing, Justice, 32, 381.

Opinion by, 607.