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times more, lights, have only one order of mullions, particularly windows of the second class; and this single order is continued through the whole of the ramifications of the window head. An increase of strength and richness was produced by the introduction of the second order of mullions; and this was obtained by increasing the thickness of the first order, and adding another moulding to the fillet; which, from the increased thickness, required something to fill up the fillet, and, at the same time, to add to its strength. Fig. 2, will show the two orders of mullions of the first class. These had different offices assigned to them: thus, the first order, being the smallest, formed the smallest composition; the second order, from its increased size, formed the larger divisions of the window; and so they might proceed to a third, fourth, fifth, &c., each successively growing out of the other: and the window, Fig. 3, will show their application. I need scarcely say, that the largest order of mullions contains all the others, so that the smallest goes round the whole of the window head. Figs. 5, 7, show only one order of mullions; Fig. 2, shows two orders of the first class; Fig. 9, shows three orders of the second class, the first of which is the tracery or cusp mullion; Fig. 10, shows one order. It will be observed that the tracery mullion is the same in every window in these figures; and that, though there are instances of two orders being used in tracery, even then the cusp proceeds always from the first order. The cusp rises out of the hollow of the first order, and, in the first class, frequently terminates with a flower, and sometimes square, in the second class it is formed, generally, by the intersections of two segments of circles, but is sometimes square, or a kind of blunted point; and, in the third and fourth classes, it terminates in an angle, and sometimes a flower is attached to it. These rules are not without exceptions; for the artists who could produce such wonderful combinations as are to be found in the architecture of the middle ages, so full of variety and originality in every class, would not be restrained, in the flights of genius, to the same forms or ornaments throughout the same building; and, in every building we examine, we find something to add to our stock of knowledge which we never dreamed of before.

In tracing the change of mullions through the different classes of Gothic architecture, it is curious to observe, that the mullions of the fourth class have been continued down to the present day in our sash bar. In Queen Elizabeth's time, windows were divided into a greater number of lights with transoms; in king James the First's time, they became still more numerous in their divisions, but the mullion was not so bulky; and by degrees the windows had as many transoms as mullions, while every fresh complication of mullions and transoms produced a decline in the thickness; and even the general introduction of the Italian style only tended to decrease the thickness of the mullion, but not to alter its general form.

Fig. 20.

Fig. 21.

Fig. 22.

I am not aware of the exact time when the lines and weights for windows

were first introduced; but when they were known they soon became very general, and, I have no doubt, assisted in the reduction of the mullion, which continued to dwindle to what are now called the ovolo, and the astragal and hollow sash bars. Figs. 20 and 21, will show these sections. Fig. 22, is the section of the mullion of Queen Elizabeth's reign. The great demand for novelty in the present day, and the use of large squares of glass, have been the means of producing new forms, which are so very thin as to be scarcely visible: these are designated by the titles of lamb's tongue, and the bevel bar.

In the foregoing remarks I have endeavored to give a classification of the architecture of the middle ages, very imperfectly, I am aware; but if these observations should induce some one to institute a fuller enquiry into the architecture of this country, and if my remarks should be of the least service to the general reader, in assisting him to find the cause which produced the great effects in the edifices of our forefathers, it will be a gratification to think that I have not studied in vain.

Henrietta Street, Brunswick Square, August, 1835.

On the Expansibility of different kinds of Stone. By Mr. Alexander J. Adie, Civil Engineer."This paper contains the results of an extensive series of experiments made upon different kinds of stone, as well as upon iron and upon brick, porcelain, and other artificial substances. The instrument employed was a pyrometer, of a simple construction, capable of determining quantities not greater than 3 of an inch. The length of the substances generally employed was 23 inches. The general result of these experiments is, that the ordinary building materials of stone expand but very little differently from cast iron, and that, consequently, the mixture of those materials in edifices is not injurious to their durability. The experiments from which the expansibility of the substances was numerically determined were made between the limits of the ordinary atmospheric temperature and that of 212°; steam being introduced for that purpose between the double casing of the instrument. The following results were obtained for the fractional expansion of the length, for a change of temperature of 180° Fahr.:

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6. Cast-Iron from a rod

cast half an in. square 7. Slate from Penrhyn Quarry, Wales,

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8. Peterhead red granite,
9. Arbroath pavement,
10. Caithness pavement,
11. Greenstone from Ratho
12. Aberdeen grey granite,
13. Best stock brick,
14. Fire brick,

15. Stalk of a Dutch to-
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16. Round rod of Wedge

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Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Jameson's Edin. New Phil. Journal;

Mechanics' Register.

Soap from Flints. Mr. Sheridan takes the common black flint, calcined, and reduces it to powder by wet-grinding; then mixes it with the caustic soda leys, or potash leys, and boils it till it attains saponification. The mix. ture so obtained* is added to the present soap materials after the latter have been boiled to that state when they have become soap, and are ready to be poured into the frames. The mixture, which has a high detergent quality, requires to be well crutched along with the soap materials; and when thus crutched together, the result is a soap of excellent quality. The mixture becomes intimately incorporated with the soap materials, and may be added in proportion of from 40 to 50 parts of the mixture to 50 of the soap materials. Thus the common silex, which is obtainable at a very low price, takes the place of tallow to the extent of nearly one-half. Lond. Mech. Mag.

Comparative table of Speed. From the Physical and Chemical Journal of Science, and the Arts of Husbandry in France, we make the following extract, which will be found no less curious than useful, and cannot fail to interest our readers:

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List of American Patents which issued in June, 1836.

380. Oven.-Wm. H. Atkins, Berkshire, N. Y.
381. Cooking stove.-E. G. Currier, Warner, N. Y.

382. Cooking stove.-E. G. Currier, Warner, N. Y.

383. Plough.-Jacob Plank, Carlisle, Penn.

384. Generating light and heat.-Horace L. Barnum, N. Y.

385. Granite dressing machine.-J. D. Buzzell, Cape Elizabeth, Maine, 386. Cylindrical breaker.-Smith Cram, N. Y.

387. Chopping meat.-J. Masser and S. Smith, Mayerstown, Penn. 388. Smut machine.-Robt. Engle, Burlington city, N. J.

389. Stove for anthracite.—Adrian Jones, Hartford, Conn.

390. Blast furnace.—Benjamin Kugler, Philadelphia,

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The compound here alluded to is a combination of silica (silex) and potassa (potash), and is frequently called liquor of flints. Silica is a body still generally ranked with the earths, which it resembles in many points, but it is, in its chemical relations, an acid, combining with alkalis, and forming salts, which are called silicates. It may be considered a curious fact, if the above statement be correct, that this weak mineral acid should be able to take the place of the weak animal, or vegetable, acids united with alkalis in ordinary soaps.

B.

† We believe this calculation to be incorrect. A stone cast with the strength of a man's arm will outstrip a hare.

391. Thrashing machine.-Jacob S. Rollins, New Gloucester, Maine,
392. Mowing machine.-Henry Allen, Fayetteville, Tenn.
393. Water wheel.-Henry Allen, Fayetteville, Tenn.
394. Pump, frictionless.-Edward Whitfield, N. Y.

395. Hemp &c. spinning.-Moses Day, Roxbury, Mass.

396. Clover cleaning.—John Goodyear, South Middleton, Penn.

397. Propelling boats, &c.-Gideon Hotchkins, Broom county, N. Y.
398. Cooking stove.-Charles Higgins, Turner, Maine,
399. Saw mill.-Thomas B. Naylor, Jonesville, N. C.

400. Tunnelling rivers.—J. B. Bucklin and J. Jacobs, West Troy, N. Y.

401. Metallic coffins.-Jonas A. Grant, Richmond, Va.

402. Cars, taking over elevations.-Smith Cram, N. Y.

403. Weaving, improvement in.-Cullen Whipple, Douglass, Mass.

404. Washing machine.-Amory Davidson, Littleton, Mass.

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405. Boots, tucking machine.-S. C. Blodgett, Rowley, Mass. 406. Hubs for wheels.-Jonathan Atherton, Philadelphia,

407. Setting bones, apparatus.-James H. Willard, Brownhelm, Ohio, 408. Columns for building.—Jordan L. Mott, N. Y.

409. Iron and steel, making.-William P. Boyden, N. Y.

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410. Distances, measuring.-Rufus Porter, Bellerica, Mass.

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411. Horse power.-Rufus Porter, Bellerica, Mass.

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412. Churn dash.-Samuel Jackson, Jay, Maine,

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414. Endless chain propeller.-Lewis Chevier, Philadelphia,

413. Screw, packing machine.—Stephen Terry, De Kalb, Georgia,

415. Hat bodies, stiffening.-J. P. Kettell and J. Wright, Worcester county, Mass. 11

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419. Oven, heating by anthracite.-F. C. Tredwell, Brooklin, N. Y.

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420. Stove, conical.-Robert Robertson, Albany, N. Y.

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421. Washing machine.-Amos Sarcum, Troy, N. Y.

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422. Clover seed hulling.-Cyrus B. Baldwin, Fincastle, Va. 423. Scythe.-Ezra Barnett, Warner, N. H.

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424. Cotton planting machine.—Henry Allen, Fayetteville, Tenn.

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425. Churn.-Amasa Wharff, New Gloucester, Maine,

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427. Mortising machine.-J. C. Channell, Dunstable, N. H.

426. Plough.-Joshua Gibbs, Canton, Ohio,

428. Planing machine.-Lorrain Curtis, Sherburne, N. Y.
429. Smut mill.-John T. Towne, Mount Morris, N. Y.
430. Stove, or air warmer.—John J. Heintzelman, Philadelphia,
431. Leather, shaving.—Herkimer Johnston, Brooklin, Conn.
432. Cooking stove.-Will. A. Arnold, Northampton, Mass.
433. Rice, &c. hulling.-Lewis Cole, New Gloucester, Maine,
434. Fire proof chest.-James Matthews, N. Y.
435. Mortising timber.-Samuel E. Babcock, Alstead, N. H.

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436. Combing wool.-S. and S. Couillard's assignees, Boston, Mass.

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437. Combs of metal.-Henry Duvall, N. Y.

439. White lead, &c.-Edward Clark, Saugerties, N. Y.

438. Lamp burner, light house.-Isaac Dunham, Bristol, Maine,

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442. Winding gimp or cord.—Adam Brooks, South Scituate, Mass.

440. Cutting and planing stone.—A,Clark & C.H. Boynton, West Stockbridge, Mass. 20 441. Winding silk.-Adam Brooks, South Scituate, Mass.

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446. Window fastenings.-Marcus Merriman, jr., New Haven, Conn.
447. Mortising machine.-John Hawkins, Stockbridge, Mass.
448. Stone cutting machine.-J. and J. Sutton, Reading, N. Y.
449. Rack wrench.-Alonzo G. Hall, Troy, N. Y.
450. Saddle, elastic.-William McCormick, Bath county, Kentucky,
451. Revolving lancet.-T. C. Harrison, New Egypt, N. J.
452. Clover seed, cleaning.—Hildreth Robbins, Kennebec, Maine,
(TO BE CONTINUED.)

443. Thrashing machine.-J. Bailey and J. Sprinkle, Rockingham, Va.
444. Horse power.-William Whitman, Haverhill, N. H.
445. Truss.---John W. Newson, N. Y.

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