SPECIAL COMMITTEE TO STUDY THE FOREIGN AID PROGRAM (Created pursuant to S. Res. 285, 84th Cong., 2d Sess., and S. Res. 35 and 141, 85th Cong., 1st Sess.) MEMBERS FROM THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS THEODORE FRANCIS GREEN, Rhode Island, Chairman EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE TO STUDY THE FOREIGN AID PROGRAM 1 THEODORE FRANCIS GREEN, Rhode Island, Chairman RICHARD B. RUSSELL, Georgia STYLES BRIDGES, New Hampshire CARL MARCY, Chief of Staff [S. Con. Res. 30, 85th Cong., 1st sess., agreed to July 1, 1957] CONCURRENT RESOLUTION Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives concurring); That there shall be printed as a Senate document a compilation of studies and reports prepared under the direction of the Special Committee To Study the Foreign Aid Program, created by S. Res. 285, agreed to July 11, 1956, as amended by S. Res. 35, agreed to January 30, 1957. SEC. 2. There shall be printed eight thousand additional copies of such Senate document. Such additional copies shall be for the use of the Special Committee To Study the Foreign Aid Program. Attest: Attest: FELTON M. JOHNSTON, RALPH R. ROBERTS, Clerk of the House of Representatives. 1 The executive committee served during congressional adjournment. II Sift 10-22-58 60 .4546 PREFACE BY SENATOR THEODORE FRANCIS GREEN, CHAIRMAN, SPECIAL COMMITTEE TO STUDY THE FOREIGN AID PROGRAM This volume contains the studies and surveys prepared for the Special Committee To Study the Foreign Aid Program. The background and work of the special committee were described by me as follows in the preface to the various studies and surveys: Since 1948 the United States has appropriated in excess of $50 billion for foreign aid. During the 10-year period since the inception of the Marshall plan, however, the relationships among the nations of the world have undergone substantial change and the scope and nature of United States aid programs have frequently been altered. Although there has been a gradual decrease in the sums appropriated over these years, there has been a gradual increase in the opposition to these programs. This increased opposition is evident in the votes in the Senate. In 1948 there were 7 votes against final passage of the Marshall plan. In 1956 there were 30 votes against final passage of the mutual security appropriation bill, equally divided between the two parties. There is serious cause for concern when foreign policy programs of the size and the impact of the annual mutual security acts do not command the support of more than two-thirds of the Senate. It would seem that such programs, if they are to be successful in promoting the national interest, should be of a kind to enlist wider congressional and public support. One of the reasons for the constitutional requirement of a two-thirds majority for consent to ratification of treaties is that the Nation when it speaks in foreign policy should speak with a strong, united voice. ~Foreign aid programs cannot achieve their full potential unless they draw support from the American people. The trend of increasing opposition to these programs would seem to indicate either that their purposes have not been clearly understood or that there is a growing belief that they have in some way failed to serve the national interest. In either event, the trend must be reversed either by clarifying the relationship between the programs and the national interest or by changing the programs so that they may more clearly serve the national interest. It was as a result of considerations of this kind that the Senate on July 11, 1956, passed Senate Resolution 285, creating the Special Committee To Study the Foreign Aid Program. The Senate instructed this special committee to make exhaustive studies of the extent to which foreign as- The special committee is composed of all members of the Committee on Foreign Relations and the chairman and ranking minority member of the Senate Committee on Appropriations and the Senate Committee on Armed Services. Without limiting the scope of its inquiry, the special committee was instructed to direct its attention to the following matters: SEC. 3. The committee shall, without limiting the scope of the study hereby authorized, direct its attention to the following matters: (a) The proper objectives of foreign aid programs and the criteria which can be used to measure accomplish ment. (b) The capability of the United States to extend aid, in terms of the Nation's economic, technical, personnel, and other resources. (c) The need and willingness of foreign countries to receive aid, and their capacity to make effective use thereof. (d) The various kinds of foreign aid and alternatives thereto as well as the methods by which and conditions on which aid might be furnished. (e) The related actions which should be taken to make foreign aid effective in achieving national objectives. In the conduct of its study the committee was instructed to make full use *** of the experience, knowledge, and advice of private organizations, schools, institutions, and individuals. It was authorized to enter contracts for this purpose and not to exceed $300,000 was made available to meet the expenses of the committee. Since the special committee was instructed to transmit the results of its study to the Senate not later than January 31, 1957, and in view of the shortness of time available for its work, a small executive committee was constituted to supervise the detailed research work for the full committee. The executive committee upon instructions from the full committee outlined a series of research and analysis projects to be undertaken by private institutions in the United States. The committee has also made arrangements with *** 10 individuals to conduct on-the-spot surveys of foreign aid programs in different geographic regions of the world* * *. The special committee has been continued pursuant to Senate Resolution 35 and Senate Resolution 141 of the 85th Congress and is now scheduled to expire on January 31, 1958. The studies and surveys reproduced here were originally published as individual committee prints. To make them available in a more compact form and on a wider scale, the special committee obtained the agreement of the Congress in Senate Concurrent Resolution 30 to have them reprinted together as a Senate document. I wish to reiterate my statement in the preface to each individual study and survey, that they do not necessarily reflect the views of the special committee or of any of its members. The views of the special committee are contained in its report to the Senate, Foreign Aid, Senate Report 300, 85th Congress, May 13, 1957, which is not a part of this compilation. Also excluded from this volume are the hearings conducted by the special committee, on March 20, 22, 25, 27, 29, April 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, and 15, 1957, entitled "The Foreign Aid Program." |