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As previously suggested the amounts specified in the foregoing table do not represent the actual amount of money brought, for the reason that immigrants having $50 or more are not required to state the exact amount in their possession. However, in the case of southern and eastern Europeans and Syrians who showed money only 6.3 per cent are recorded as having $50 or more, so that the total amount shown by immigrants of that class is probably a close approximation of the total amount in their possession on admission to the United States. On the other hand, the fact that 31.6 per cent of northern and western European immigrants showing money were possessed of $50 or more makes it impossible to estimate the total amount brought by them.

The aggregate amount of money shown by all European immigrants during the five years considered was $124,642,320; the amount accredited to southern and southeastern Europeans was $63,623,404, which is less than the amount sent by immigrants in the United States to either Austria-Hungary or Italy in the year 1907. The total amount of money sent to European countries by immigrants in the United States in the year mentioned is conservatively estimated at $275,000,000, or more than twice as much as was brought by all immigrants from Europe in five years.

PERMANENT AND TRANSIENT EMIGRATION.

In the matter of stability or permanence of residence in the United States there is a very wide difference between European immigrants of the old and new classes. The fact that under the immigration law of 1907 a detailed record is kept of aliens leaving United States ports makes possible a study of the tendency of the different races or peoples to leave the country within varying periods after arrival, and the experience in this regard during the recent industrial depression is interesting and suggestive. The departure of aliens from the United States can not fairly be compared with arriving immigrants in the same or another year, but these items contrasted indicate clearly the races or peoples which in the main regard this country as a permanent home and those which, to a large extent, consider it only as a field for remunerative labor during times of industrial prosperity.

The fiscal year 1906-7 being one of unusual industrial activity, it was marked by the largest immigration in the history of the country, but following the beginning of the industrial depression in October of the fiscal year 1907-8 there was a sudden reversal in the tide, and during the remainder of that year there was a great exodus of Europeans. The participation of the various European races or peoples in the

a See Vol. II, p. 427.

See Vol. II, pp. 735, 736, and 737.

unprecedented immigration of 1907 and in the exodus during 1908 is shown by the following table:

TABLE 14.-European immigrants (including Syrian) admitted to the United States during the fiscal year 1907, and European emigrant aliens (including Syrian) departing from the United States during the fiscal year 1908, by race or people.

[Compiled from reports of the United States Commissioner-General of Immigration.]

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The radical difference between the old and new immigration with regard to stability of residence during a period of depression is more clearly shown by the following table:

TABLE 15.-European immigrants (including Syrian) admitted to the United States during the fiscal year 1907, and European emigrant aliens (including Syrian) departing from the United States during the fiscal year 1908, by class of immigration.

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The one conclusion to be drawn from the record of departures from the United States, as shown by the foregoing tables, is that as a whole the races or peoples composing the old immigration are in great part permanent settlers, and that a large proportion of the newer immigrants are simply transients whose interest in the country is measured by the opportunity afforded for labor.

Conspicuous among the newer immigrants as exceptions to this rule are the Hebrews, who formed more than 12 per cent of the European immigration in 1907 and only slightly more than 2 per cent of the exodus in 1908, indicating a degree of permanency not reached by any other race or people in either class.

The races or peoples conspicuous as showing the smallest degree of permanency are the Croatian and Slovenian, Magyar, North and South Italian, Polish, Russian, Slovak, and Turkish, while those showing relatively the smallest number of departing aliens are the Armenian, Bohemian and Moravian, Dutch and Flemish, Hebrew, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh.

In both the old and new classes the exodus of 1908 was composed largely of recent immigrants, about 75 per cent of the former and 83 per cent of the latter having resided in the United States continuously for not over five years.

EXTENT AND PERMANENCE OF THE RETURN MOVEMENT.

From available data it appears that at least one-third of all European immigrants who come to the United States eventually return to Europe. It seems to be a common belief that this outward movement is largely composed of persons who follow seasonal occupations in the United States and who consequently come and go according to the seasonal demands for labor. Such is not the case, however, for as nearly as can be judged from existing data not more than one-third of those who return to Europe come again to this country. Prior to the fiscal year 1908 data respecting the number of outgoing aliens were not secured by the immigration authorities. Owing to a provision of the immigration law of 1907 such data are now available for the three fiscal years 1908 to 1910, and in the table following the number of European emigrant aliens are shown in comparison with immigration from Europe for the same years.

TABLE 16.-European immigrants (including Syrian) admitted to the United
States, and European emigrant aliens (including Syrian) departing from the
United States, fiscal years 1908 to 1910, inclusive, by race or people.
[Compiled from reports of the United States Commissioner-General of Immigration.]

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The above data classified according to the old and new immigration are as follows:

TABLE 17.-European immigrants (including Syrian) admitted to the United States, and European emigrant aliens (including Syrian) departing from the United States, fiscal years 1908 to 1910, inclusive, by class of immigration.

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It will be noted that for every 100 European immigrants admitted to the United States during the period 32 departed from the country. There is a striking preponderance of southern and eastern Europeans in the outward movement, and their relative lack of stability of residence as compared with the older immigrant classes is clearly shown by the fact that of the former 38 departed for every 100 admitted while among the latter the proportion was only 16 departed to 100 admitted.

The following table shows the sex, age, and length of residence in the United States of European aliens leaving the country during the three years under consideration:

TABLE 18.-European emigrant aliens (including Syrian) departing from the United States, fiscal years 1908 to 1910, inclusive, by class, sex, age, and period of residence.

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While the above tables cover a comparatively short period of time and include at least one year when the outward movement was abnormally large, they nevertheless seem to indicate, on the whole, about the normal status of the inward and outward movement of Europeans in recent years. This belief is substantiated by the steamship companies' records of west and east bound steerage passengers between European and United States ports since 1898, which data are shown in the following table:

TABLE 19.-Movement of third-class passengers between the United States and European ports, calendar years 1899 to 1910 inclusive.

[Compiled from reports of the Trans-Atlantic Passenger Association.]

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