and Veddahs, south of the Aryan Hindus in India, are not Caucasian. They do not possess an Aryan tongue; and physically they more nearly approach the Negro.

It will be seen from the above that the Caucasian race was by no means originally confined to Europe. It has long covered the northern third of Africa and practically all of southern Asia to the borders of Farther India. Although called the "European race, it more likely had its origin in Asia or even in Africa than in Europe. Because of the latter theory, Brinton calls it the "Eurafrican" race. It does not even now fill certain large sections of Europe. The Mongolian race not only occupies the most of eastern and northern Russia but northern Scandinavia and the greater part of Finland, while the dominant races of Turkey, of Roumania, and even of Hungary are Mongolian in origin. While the white race would be supposed to be the one best understood, it is really the one about which there is the most fundamental and sometimes violent discussion. The word "Caucasian," for instance, is in nearly as bad repute as "Aryan" at the present time amongst ethnologists. Yet, as Keane has said of the former term, both words may be preserved with conventional meanings as are many of the early terms of natural history, although the early ideas associated with their use be discarded. While the word "Caucasian" has reference mainly to physical characters, "Aryan" will be used here as applying strictly to linguistic groupings. As explained in the Introductory, such use is general and practically unavoidable in immigration statistics and in European censuses. The English seldom use the word "Caucasian" in the narrow sense as designating only the peoples of the Caucasus Mountains.

The Caucasian is the only grand division of mankind which possesses inflected languages. In two of its minor divisions, the Caucasic and Euskaric, are also found agglutinative tongues. The scope of the word "Caucasian may be better indicated by naming the subdivisions of the race. The following is substantially agreed upon by both Brinton and Keane, if the doubtful Polynesians and Ainos of the latter he discarded. The larger linguistic divisions or "stocks" are the Aryan, Caucasic, Euskaric, Semitic, and Hamitic. (See classification in Introductory.) Both authors combine the two last named under the term "South Mediterranean," a stock located south and east of this great sea. Brinton applies the term "North Mediterranean" to all the rest, while Keane prefers to use the terms "North Mediterranean," "North European," "Iranic," and "Indic" as equivalent to Brinton's term "Aryan." Brinton divides the Aryans into the Teutonic, Lettic, Celtic, Slavonic, Armenic, Iranic, Illyric, Italic, and Hellenic groups.

Passing now from the classification found most convenient in immigration topics, other schemes that are much discussed should be referred to here. Forty years ago Huxley replaced the word Caucasian" by two terms: "Xanthochroi," meaning the blond race, and "Melanochroi," or the brunette portion of the Caucasian race. Ripley has summed up in a masterly manner all the physical classifications made since that of Huxley. He shows that the great consensus of opinion thus far favors the distinction of three great races in Europe, which he calls the "Teutonic," the "Alpine," and the Mediterranean. An attempt has been made in the introduction to correlate these terms with the more common linguistic classification of Brinton. (See table on p. 212.) As pointed out in the Introductory, Ripley's classification is impracticable in immigration statistics and in censuses of races, and therefore it need not be given extended discussion here. Moreover, it appears probable that his classification must be largely modified by the studies of Deniker, now in progress. The latter has added to the three classical races of Europe the "Atlanto-Mediterranean," the "Oriental," and the "Adriatic," with possibly three or four other "subraces." Ripley has practically admitted the existence of the Adriatic as a distinct race. Deniker has wisely given as an alternative classification to that of his physical types a classification of "peoples" based on linguistic grounds which may be profitably compared, in a discussion of each immigrant race, with those of Brinton and Keane here adopted (as in Introductory, table, p. 212).

In population the Caucasian race leads the world, with about 800,000,000 souls. Nearly 300,000,000 of these, however, are of darker branches of the race, and live in Asia, 220,000,000 of them being Aryans of India. The Mongolian race numbers, perhaps, 200,000,000 less than the Caucasian, although extending far into Europe, as above noted. Asia, both Mongolian and Caucasian, has a population of nearly 900,000,000, as against the 400,000,000 in

habitants of Erge FLT zoeter tas, or Tarvaiyan, of the Cancasian poperlation of the wed as Dans-Eunçean, or Aryan.

CELTIC or KELTIC. The westernmost branch of Aryan or Indo-European languages. It is divided are two chief groups, with several subdivisions, as shown in the foowing the five Kease:

Erse, or Gaelic of the Scottish High Kymraeg, or Welsh.

lands. Manx, of the Isle of Man.

Cornish, extinct.
Brezonek, or Low Breton.

Irish, because of its more extensive literature and greater antiquity, is considered to be the chief branch of the Gaelic group. Modern Erse or Scotch is thought to be a more recent dialect of Irish. (See Scotch, ) Manx is the dialect spoken by a small number of persons in the Isle of Man. Welsh is the best preserved of the Cymric group. It has a literature nearly if not quite as rich as that of Irish. and is spoken by a larger population than any other Celtice language found in the British Isles. (See Welsh,) Low Breton, or Armorican, is the speech found in Lower Brittany, in France. It is spoken by nearly twothirds as many persons as are all other Celtic dialects combined. No Celtic language has a current literature of any extent. Each succeeding census shows a decrease in the number of persons who speak a Celtic tongue. In few places is a Celtic language taught in the schools. Everywhere these languages are being supplanted by English or French.

The term "Celtic" is used in different senses by the philologist and the anthropologist. The former includes in it all peoples originally speaking a Celtic language. The latter has used the term to designate a broad-headed physical type called "Alpine" by Ripley. As shown elsewhere (see Caucasian), there are three great physical races in Europe which Ripley calls “Teutonic,” “Alpine" ("Celtic"), and “Mediterranean.” The first named is tall, longheaded, and blond, and comprises most of the northern races of Europe. The last named is short, long-headed, and very brunette, and includes the races living on the shores of the sea whose name it bears. The "Celtic" is of medium stature, broad-headed, and rather brunette. The eyes are more often gray and the hair brown, though all variations are found, due to admixtures with the Teutons and the Mediterraneans living on either side of them. (For other names for this type, see table in Introductory.) This "Celtic" race seems to have had its main center of dissemination in the highlands of the Alps of midwestern Europe.

Since the Celtic-speaking races, with the exception of the Breton, are not, as was once thought, of one and the same physical type, Ripley recommends the dropping of the word "Celtic" as a term to designate a physical stock and the substitution of the word "Alpine" instead. While all Celtic-speaking peoples are mixed races, those of the British Isles are distinctly long-headed and tall, in fact, are among the tallest of all Europe. They are therefore to be classed as Teutonic or "Northern," rather than as Alpine. The Bretons are the only people having a Celtic tongue who are predominatingly of the Alpine physical type. And even they have received much infusion of Teutonic blood, especially in the coast districts.

The Bureau of Immigration places in the "Keltic division" three peoples that speak a Celtic language-Irish, Scotch, and Welsh-and two that are distinctly of the Alpine or Celtic physical stock, the French and the Northern Italian. Manx and Breton do not appear by name in immigration statistics, As explained elsewhere (see Introductory and English), this dictionary uses the term Celtic" in the sense of the philologist and the term "Alpine" to designate the so-called "Celtic" physical stock.

Celtic-speaking peoples are found in the western part of Ireland; in the mountains of Scotland and Wales; in Monmouthshire, England, which borders on Wales; in the Isle of Man; and in the western part of Brittany. It is impossible to give the population of the Celtic race—that is, of those whose ancestral language was Celtic-since most of its members now speak English or French only. The census of 1901 of the United Kingdom reports 1,806,000 who can speak a Celtic tongue. Hickmann estimates the total Celtic population of

Europe at only 3,200,000 and that of the world at 9,200,000. However much others may increase this number, the Celtic population of the world is insig nificant when compared with that of other branches of the Indo-European family, as Teutonic 131,000,000, Romance or Italic 107,300,000, and Slavonic 127,200,000.

Nevertheless, despite their small population, the Celtic races formed, until the recent change in the tide of immigration to America, a very important element. (For further details and immigration figures, see articles Irish, Scotch, and Welsh.)

CHINESE. The race or people inhabiting China proper. Linguistically, one of the Sinitic groups of the Mongolian or Asiatic race. The name Chinese is also applied, erroneously from an ethnical standpoint, to all the natives of the Chinese Empire, including China proper; that is, to the entire Sibiric group. These are, on the northeast the Manchus, on the north the Mongols, on the west the tribes of Turkestan and of Tibet. The name does not properly apply to the other Sinitic peoples-the Cochin-Chinese and the Annamese of the French colonies and the Burmese of the British colonies, all of whom border on China on the south and southwest. (See East Indian.) The people of Manchuria and of Mongolia are not so nearly related linguistically to the Chinese as they are to the Japanese (see). All these "Sibiric" peoples have aggluti native languages, while the Chinese is isolating and monosyllabic, being more nearly related to the languages stretching from Tibet southeast to the Malay Peninsula.

The Chinese physical type is well known-yellowish in color, with slanting eyes, high cheek bones, black hair, and a flat face. The eye is more properly described as having the Mongolic fold" at the inner angle. This mark is found to some extent in all Mongolian peoples, in the Japanese, and now and then in individuals of the European branches of this race in Russia and AustriaHungary.

Estimates of the population of China proper run from 270,000,000, an American official estimate, to 400,000,000, a Chinese estimate. The other peoples of the Empire are comparatively small in numbers, the entire Chinese Empire having a population of from 330,000,000 to 430,000,000. The Chinese are spreading rapidly over the countries toward the south, replacing the Malay to a great extent as a landowning class in the Malay Peninsula and other portions of Malaysia, where they already number between 5,000,000 and 7,000,000, including those in the Philippines. In the Americas and Hawaii there are about 140,000. Chinese laborers have been excluded from the United States since 1882. It is estimated that the total emigration of Chinese to the United States has exceeded 200,000, of whom only 90,000 now remain. Still larger numbers, 350,000, have gone to the Dutch East Indies. Adding to these an emigration of 130,000 to Singapore, 120,000 to Peru, and perhaps 30,000 to Australia, there appears a total emigration within fifty years of over 800,000. This number, however, is small when.compared with emigration from several European coun tries during that period. In the twelve years 1899-1910, 22,590 Chinese were admitted to the United States.

No doubt Manchus and others who can not strictly be called Chinese appear as such in United States immigration statistics, especially students and other members of the Manchu families who have long been a ruling caste in China. American law defines the word "Chinese" in a political sense to include all subjects of China. Koreans, Japanese, and East Indians (see these) are counted separately.

COREAN. (See Korean.)

CROATIAN or SERVIAN, or, better, SERBO-CROATIAN, including the so-called Croatian, Servian, Bosnian, Dalmatian, Herzegovinian, and Montenegrin (Tsrnagortsi) races or peoples. (Related words: Chroat, Khrobat, Carpath, Khorvat, Horvath and Hervat or Hrvat; also Serb or Srp, Sorb, and Sorabian.

The Serbo-Croatian is a distinct and homogeneous race, from a linguistic point of view, and may be defined as the one which, with the closely related Slovenian, constitutes the Southern Division of the Slavic, the linguistic stock which occupies the countries above indicated, including Slavonia. It is not an ethnical unity in physical characters and descent, but a mixed race. separated into the above so-called races on political and even religious grounds. It forms an important subject in the present study, for it is typical of the newer flood of immigration from southeastern Europe and contributes largely to it.

a See Mongolian, p. 257.

See Vol. II, pp. 785–788.

It is

GEOGRAPHY OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA.

Definitions of the Serbo-Croatian peoples depend so largely upon political boundaries that a preliminary sketch of the Balkan States will conduce to clearness. The southern part of the Balkan Peninsula is occupied by Greeks, Albanians, and a minority of Turks. All the rest-that is, the greater part-is Slavic. Roughly speaking, the eastern half of the Slavic territory is Bulgarian (see). This race belongs to the Eastern Division of Slavs and occupies the entire region from the Danube south nearly to the Egean Sea and Constantinople itself. The main range of the Balkan Mountains is in their territory, running eastward to the Black Sea. The Serbo-Croatians are west of the Bulgarians, occupying all the territory to the Adriatic Sea. They are restricted, therefore, to the northwestern part, or about one-third, of the Balkan Peninsula. Once the Empire of Servia covered all the country southward to Greece.

If the northern boundary of the peninsula be considered a line running eastward from the head of the Adriatic to the Black Sea following the Save River to the Danube and down the latter, it will include all the Bulgarians and the Southern Slavs with the exception of the Slovenian territory, northern Croatia, and Slavonia. These will also be included within the limits of the peninsula if its boundary may be fixed a little farther north to the Drave. This article is not concerned further with the countries of Greece, Turkey (including Albania), and Bulgaria (including Eastern Roumelia), nor with Roumania, which lies north of Bulgaria, and therefore outside the limits of the Balkan Peninsula. (See article Roumanian for this race or people, kindred in physical type to the Slavic, but possessing a Latin tongue.)

The remaining States constitute Serbo-Croatian territory. The Kingdom of Servia, situated just south of the Danube and the Save, midway between the Black Sea and the Adriatic, is the only independent State amongst them, excepting the small principality of Montenegro. The latter occupies the southern . angle of the Serbo-Croatian territory, with Turkey on the southeast and the narrow territory of Dalmatia and the Adriatic on the southwest. The remaining Serbo-Croatian territory belongs to the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Herzegovina, northwest of Montenegro and similar to it in size, and Bosnia, larger and extending north from Herzegovina to the Save and Slavonia, were attached in 1878; Dalmatia, a narrow strip of coast land between these two States and the Adriatic, is an older possession of Austria. Still farther north are the former kingdoms of Slavonia, lying along the southwestern boundary of Hungary proper, and Croatia, lying farthest to the northwest in the peninsula next to Austria and the Adriatic. These two provinces now form part of the Kingdom of Hungary. All the Southern Slavs-that is, the Serbo-Croatians and the Bulgarians-were subject to Turkey only thirty years ago, excepting those on the northern fringe inhabiting Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia. If, as is sometimes said, these are not Balkan States, all the Balkan Peninsula excepting Greece was then covered by Turkey-as also was Greece itself a century ago.

THE SERBO-CROATIANS IN GENERAL.

Ask a Bosnian his race and he will answer "Turk" if he is a Mohammedan, Latin" or "Croatian" if a Roman Catholic, and "Servian" if an adherent of the Greek Church. Yet the race is the same in all cases because the language is the same." The case of the Bosnian is typical of the entire Serbo-Croatian people, which is peculiar amongst all the races or peoples of Europe in appearing to be divided into six or more separate ethnical branches; that is, as many ns there are political States if not religions in this region, while the scientist can have no doubt but that all are of one race. Their case resembles that of The Poles, who, since the partition of Poland, make part of three different nationalities, or that of the Germans, constituting to a greater or less degree the German, the Swiss, and the Austrian nationalities. In like manner. Bosnian, Dalmatian, Montenegrin, and Herzegovinian are only names of nationalities or of political groups, while the corresponding race or people is SerboCroatian.

Language, as explained in the Introductory, is the necessary basis of all official classifications of European races. It is the one followed by all European censuses of races, and is adopted in this dictionary. The Bureau of Immigration has found it desirable for practical considerations to subdivide and group

See pp. 211 and 234-235.

the Serbo-Croatians as follows: The Servian and Montenegrin are counted with the Bulgarian, the Croatian with the Slovenian, and the Dalmatian, Bosnian, and Herzegovinian are given a separate column. Yet there can be no doubt.that the Bulgarians and the Slovenians are outside the Serbo-Croatian race, although they are most closely related to it by language.

The confusion in Serbo-Croatian terminology has its origin in both politics and religion. From a partisan standpoint it has become quite customary to use only provincial names, like Croatian. To recognize the broader racial name would lend weight to the sentiment for Serbo-Croatian consolidation and the political independence of the Serbo-Croatians. Linguistic grounds are sought by others for a broader union embracing the entire northern belt of Balkan States from the Adriatic to the Black Sea, including both the Slovenian territory on one side of the Serbo-Croatians and Bulgaria on the other. Religious rivalries likewise have led to ethnographical fictions. Not only has a fraction of a race like the Bosnians been led to say that they are of three races or peoples when they practically mean three religions; these religions have given them three alphabets for one speech. The Serbo-Croatians of the west, who are Roman Catholic, can not read the publications of the eastern Serbo-Croatians, who are Orthodox, although both have the same language, for the former use the Roman alphabet or sometimes the strange Glagolitic letters, while the latter use the Russian characters fostered by the Greek Church.

The geographical limits of the Serbo-Croatians are not easily determined. They are defined on the north by the Danube and the Drave; that is, by Hungarian and Slovenian territory. On the east, also, they coincide with the boundary between Servia and Bulgaria, except that northeastern Servia is occupied by Roumanians. But as to the southern boundary the wildest and most divergent statements are made by students of the question according to their political bias. Some pro-Servians would claim Macedonia and the greater part of Turkey, even to the Black Sea, to be Servian by language; while it is gen erally held that the Slavic language found here is Bulgarian. A fair statement would seem to be that northwestern Turkey is Serbo-Croatian, including a narrow strip of northern Albania, as well as the large districts known as Old Servia and Novibazar. The last named lies between Servia and Montenegro. Old Servia is farther southeast. These two Serbo-Croatian districts in Turkey are about as large as Montenegro and Herzegovina.

As thus delimited, the Serbo-Croatians are inclosed on the west by the Adriatic Sea; on the northwest by the closely related Slovenians; on the north by the totally different Magyars or Hungarians, of Mongol origin; on the northeast by a more nearly related people, the Roumanians; on the southeast by distant relatives, the Bulgarians; and on the south by the Albanians, people differing both in language and physical type from any other in Europe. The region is aptly named the "whirlpool of Europe." The Balkans are the storm center, and the "Eastern question" is always acute. Within a generation European Turkey has lost half of its territory, and several new nations have appeared upon the map of the peninsula. The keen rivalries between nationalities and races have obscured scientific questions and rendered more difficult the classification of peoples.

Even the choice of the term Serbo-Croatian is a comparatively recent expedient to allay national jealousy. The language may as properly be called either Croatian or Servian. It was once called the Illyrian, an ethnical misnomer for which an excuse was sought in political history. But the ancient Illyrians were an entirely different race. Few traces of them, it is said, can be found among the Slavs now occupying the country. The apostles of the "Illyrian' propaganda would take into their fold Bulgaria on the east and the Slovenians on the west. "Yugo-Slavic "-that is "South Slavic "-is a name more recently adopted by other patriotic Slavs in an attempt to inculcate a feeling of unity between all Serbo-Croatians and Slovenians. It is pan-slavism on a small scale. The historical and linguistic relations existing between widely separated branches of the Slavs are often indicated or suggested by strange similarities in their names. The terms Slav, Slovak, Slovenian, and Slavonian are discussed in the article on the Slovenian. As there pointed out, Slavonian in the narrowest sense may mean the nationality (not a race) inhabiting the former kingdom of Slavonia. The race or people living there is the Servian or Croatian. Curiously enough, Croat, Hervat, and the related words given at the head of this article are variations of an old word meaning highlands or mountains (cf. Carpathians); hence not strictly ethnical terms, although some immigrants insist