April 24, 1906 (34 St. 133) 415 April 24, 1906, § 2 (34 St. 136) 425 March 10, 1908, § 1 (35 St. 40) April 2, 1908, § 1 (35 St. 55) 413 April 13, 1908, c. 143 (35 St. 60) 446 308 429 429 461 181 415 418 426 $2 §3 428 419 281 68 84 429 May 30, 1908, c. 235 (35 St. 555) March 4, 1909, c.. 321 (35 St. 40 June 28, 1906, c. 3565 (34 St. 536) 83 June 28, 1906, c. 3574 (34 St. 546) 85 (34 St. 551) 83 1088) $9 123456889 § 10 11 § 11 12, 18 § 22 § 23 Act of March 4, 1909, c. 321 (35 Page Act of March 4, 1909, c. 321 (35 Page St. 1088) St. 1088) § 218 202 138 140 140 143 144 145 § 167 145 THE FEDERAL PENAL CODE OF 1910 The Act of March 4, 1909, c. 321 (35 St. 1088), entitled "An Act To codify, revise, and amend the penal laws of the United States" is as follows: Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the penal laws of the United States be, and they hereby are, codified, revised, and amended with title, chapters, headnotes, and sections entitled, numbered, and to read as follows: SECTION 1. Whoever, owing allegiance to the United States, Treason levies war against them or adheres to their enemies, giving defined them aid and comfort within the United States or elsewhere, is guilty of treason. 66 This section is identical with U. S. Rev. Sts. § 5331. Treason is a breach of allegiance and can be committed only by one who owes allegiance, perpetual or temporary. The words owing allegiance to the United States" do not affect the sense of the section. The construction would be precisely the same were they omitted. United States v. Wiltberger, 5 Wheat. 76, 97, 5 L. ed. 37. Treason against the United States may be committed by any one resident or sojourning within its territory and under the protection of its laws, whether a citizen or an alien. Re Charge to Grand Jury, 5 |