Geoffrey H. Moore. Armonk, NY, M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 1990, 328 pp. pression: The Lionel Robbins Lectures Bauer, Jeffrey C. and Eileen M. Weis, "Rural America and the Revolution in Health Care," Rural Development Per- spectives, June 1989, pp. 2–6. Benton, Mary Lee, "Ergonomics: Adapting the Job to Fit the Person," Job Safety and Health Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 1, Collier, Joseph and G. J. Catanzaro, "Safety and Health Management Guidelines," A Symposium: Papers Presented at the Third Berkeley Conference on Indus- trial Relations: "Political Parties and Labor Legislation in Canada and the U.S.," by Peter G. Bruce; "Interstate vs. Interprovincial Differences in Union Density," by Noah M. Meltz; "Trade Agreement vs. Open Shop: Employers' Choices Before wwI," by Jeffrey Haydu; "Unionization and Job Design Under Programmable Automation," by Maryellen R. Kelley; "Technolog- ical Innovation and Employment in Telecommunications," by Lisa M. Lynch and Paul Osterman; "Spanning the Union/Nonunion Boundary," by Peter Cappelli and Peter D. Sherer; "Market Structure, Strike Activity, and Union Wage Settlements," by John M. Abowd and Joseph S. Tracy; "Wage Structure and Dynamics in the Elec- tronics Industry," by Jonathan S. Leon- Employment Effects of Profit Sharing,' by Derek C. Jones and Jeffrey Pliskin; and "Improving Productivity and Qual- ity Through Collaboration," by Wil- liam N. Cooke, Industrial Relations, Baldwin, Grover H., "Labor Costs in Dif- fering Collective Negotiations Envi- Clemenson, Heather A., “Unionization and Women in the Service Sector," Per- spectives on Labour and Income, Au- Dayal, Sahab, "Collective Bargaining Among Academic Professionals: An Analysis of Issues and Outcomes," Journal of Collective Negotiations in the Public Sector, Vol. 18, No. 3, 1989, Fogel, Walter, Application of the Make- whole Remedy Under California's Ag- ricultural Labor Relations Act: Litigious Refusals to Bargain. Los An- geles, University of California, Insti- tute of Industrial Relations, 1989, 137 pp. (Monograph and Research Series, 50.) $11, paper, plus $1.25 postage. Forman, Jonathan Barry, Beyond President Bush's Child Tax Credit Proposal: To- wards a Comprehensive System of Tax Credits to Help Low-Income Families with Children. Reprinted from Emery Law Journal, Summer 1989, pp. 663- Freeman, Richard and Jeffrey Pelletier, The Impact of Industrial Relations Legislation on British Union Density. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1989, 37 pp. (Working Paper Series, 3167.) $2, Freeman, Richard B. and Morris M. Klei- ner, "Employer Behavior in the Face of Union Organizing Drives," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, April Hutchens, Robert, David Lipsky, Robert Stern, Strikers and Subsidies: The In- fluence of Government Transfer Pro- grams on Strike Activity. Kalamazoo, MI, W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employ- ment Research, 1989, 210 pp. $21.95, Ichniowski, Casey and Jeffrey S. Zax, "Today's Associations, Tomorrow's Unions," Industrial and Labor Rela- tions Review, January 1990, pp. 191– Koffel, William B., "Workplace Privacy: A Matter of Balance," The EMA Journal, Employment Management Associa- National Association of Manufacturers, Reference for Employers. Washington, National Association of Manufacturers, O'Brien, Christine Neylon, "Revising the Minimum Wage for the 1990s," Loyola of Los Angeles International and Com- parative Law Journal, December 1989, Ready, Kathryn J., "Is Pattern Bargaining Dead?" Industrial and Labor Relations Review, January 1990, pp. 272-79. Rehmus, Charles M., "Emergency Strikes Revisited," Industrial and Labor Rela- tions Review, January 1990, pp. 175-90. Zax, Jeffrey S. and Casey Ichniowski, "Bargaining Laws and Unionization in the Local Public Sector," Industrial Industry, government organization Blecker, Robert A., “Markup Pricing, Im- port Competition, and the Decline of the American Steel Industry," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Fall Cote, Michael, "The Canadian Auto Indus- Nelson, Jon P. and Mark J. Roberts, "Ram- sey Numbers and the Role of Compet- ing Interest Groups in Electric Utility Popovich, Mark G. and Terry F. Buss, "En- University of Texas at Austin, Directory of tional Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1990, 41 pp. (Working Paper Series, 3321.) $2, paper. Brown, Charles, James Hamilton, James Medoff, Employers Large and Small. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1990, 109 pp. $19.95. Gibbons, Robert and Lawrence Katz, Layoffs Lemons. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research. Inc., 1989, 41 pp. (Working Paper Series, 2968.) $2, paper. Johannesson, Jan, On the Composition and Outcome of Swedish Labour Market Policy, 1970-1989. Stockholm, Sweden, The Delegation for Labour Market Policy Research, 1989, 47 pp. MacPherson, David A. and James B. Stewart, "The Labor Force Participation and Earnings Profiles of Married Female Immigrants," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, Autumn 1989, pp. 57-72. Northdurft, William E., Schoolworks: Rein venting Public Schools to Create the Workforce of the Future. Washington, The German Marshall Fund of the United States, 1989, 94 pp. Stichter, Sharon and Jane L. Parpart, eds., Women, Employment and the Family in the International Division of Labour. Philadelphia, PA, Temple University Press, 1990, 253 pp. $39.95. Topel, Robert, Specific Capital, Mobility, and Wages Rise with Job Seniority. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1990, 37 pp. (Working Paper Series, 3294.) $2, paper. Wise, Lois Recascino, Labor Market Policies and Employment Patterns in the United States. Boulder, co, Westview Press, 1989, 133 pp. $21.95, paper. Management, organization theory Bandrowski, James F., Corporate Imagina tion Plus: Five Steps to Translating Innovative Strategies into Action. New York, The Free Press, a Division of Macmillan, Inc., 1990, 313 pp. $22.95. Batten, Joe D., Tough-Minded Leadership. New York, AMACOM, a Division of the American Management Association, 1989, 236 pp. $17.95. Bittel, Lester R. and John W. Newstrom, What Every Supervisor Should Know: The Complete Guide to Supervisory Management. 6th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1990, 614 pp. $44.95. Coates, Joseph F., and Jennifer Jarratt, "The Human Resource Professional in the Third Millennium," The EMA Journal, Employment Management Association, Fall 1989, pp. 2-8. Fear, Richard A. and Robert J. Chiron, The Evaluation Interview. 4th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1990, 246 pp. $29.95. Hannan, Michael T. and John Freeman, Organizational Ecology. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1989, 366 pp. $29.50. Herrick, Neal, Joint Management and Em ployee Participation: Labor and Management at the Crossroads. San Francisco, CA, Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1990, 429 pp. $33.95. Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, "The New Mana gerial Work," Harvard Business Review, November-December 1989, pp. 85-92. Kramer, Robert, "In the Shadow of Death: Robert Denhardt's Theology of Organizational Life," Administration & Society, November 1989, pp. 357-79. Management: Their International Adaptability. Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press, 1989, 272 pp. $59.50. Distributed in the United States by Columbia University Press, New York. The Five Rules of Technology LeadershipCompeting Beyond Technology: "What Strategy Can Do for Technology," by Kim B. Clark; "From the 'Ladder of Science' to the Product Development Cycle," by Ralph E. Gomory; "Customers Drive a Technology-Driven Company: An Interview with George Fisher," by Bernard Avishai and William Taylor; "National Security and Our Technology Edge," by Simon Ramo, Harvard Business Review, November-December 1989, pp. 93–120. Monetary and fiscal policy Greenspan, Alan, "Commercial Banks and the Central Bank in a Market Economy," Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, November 1989, pp. 3-12. Greider, William, The Trouble With Money: A Prescription for America's Financial Fever. Knoxville, TN, Whittle Direct Books, The Larger Agenda Series, 1989, 94 pp. $11.95. Kahn, George A., "The Changing Interest Sensitivity of the U.S. Economy," Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, November 1989, pp. 13–34. National Alliance of Business, Survey of Prices and living conditions New England's Largest Employers Regarding Human Resource Issues. Wellesley Hills, MA, National Alliance of Business, 1989, 10 pp. Roomkin, Myron J., Managers as Employ ees: An International Comparison of the Changing Character of Managerial Employment. New York, Oxford University Press, 1989, 288 pp. $29.95. Shibagaki, Kazuo, Malcolm Trevor, Tetsuo Abo, eds., Japanese and European Gordon, Robert J., The Measurement of Durable Goods Prices. Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press, 1990, 723 pp. $85. Turvey, Ralph, Consumer Price Indices: An ILO Manual. Washington, International Labour Office, 1989, 186 pp. $19.25, paper, $2, handling, prepaid. Available from ILO Publications Center, Albany, NY. This section of the Review presents the principal statistical series collected and calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics: series on labor force; employment; unemployment; collective bargaining settlements; consumer, producer, and international prices; productivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness statistics. In the notes that follow, the data in each group of tables are briefly described; key definitions are given; notes on the data are set forth; and sources of additional information are cited. General notes The following notes apply to several tables in this section: Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate the effect on the data of such factors as climatic conditions, industry production schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying periods, and vacation practices, which might prevent short-term evaluation of the statistical series. Tables containing data that have been adjusted are identified as "seasonally adjusted." (All other data are not seasonally adjusted.) Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of past experience. When new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years. Seasonally adjusted data appear in tables 1-3, 4-10, 13-15, 17-18, 44, and 48. Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 1 and 4-10 were revised in the February 1990 issue of the Review and reflect the experience through 1989. Seasonally adjusted establishment survey data shown in tables 13-15 and 17-18 were revised in the July 1989 Review and reflect the experience through March 1989. A brief explanation of the seasonal adjustment methodology appears in "Notes on the data." Revisions in the productivity data in table 44 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent changes from month-to-month and quarter-to-quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U.S. average AllItems CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are available for this series. Adjustments for price changes. Some data-such as the "real" earnings shown in table 15-are adjusted to eliminate the effect of changes in price. These adjustments are Additional information Data that supplement the tables in this (Tables 1-3) variety of sources. News releases provide Comparative Indicators Comparative indicators tables provide an Labor market indicators include employment measures from two major surveys and information on rates of change in compensation provided by the Employment Cost Index (ECI) program. The labor force participation rate, the employment-to-population ratio, and unemployment rates for major demographic groups based on the Current Population ("household") Survey are presented, while measures of employment and average weekly hours by major industry sector are given using nonagricultural payroll data. The Employment Cost Index (compensation), by major sector and by bargaining status, is chosen from a variety of BLS compensation and wage measures because it provides a comprehensive measure of employer costs for hiring labor, not just outlays for wages, and it is not affected by employment shifts among occupations and industries. Data on changes in compensation, prices, and productivity are presented in table 2. Measures of rates of change of compensation and wages from the Employment Cost Index program are provided for all civilian nonfarm workers (excluding Federal and household workers) and for all private nonfarm workers. Measures of changes in consumer prices for all urban consumers; producer prices by stage of processing; and overall export and import price indexes are given. Measures of productivity (output per hour of all persons) are provided for major sectors. Alternative measures of wage and compensation rates of change, which reflect the overall trend in labor costs, are summarized in table 3. Differences in concepts and scope, related to the specific purposes of the series, contribute to the variation in changes among the individual measures. Notes on the data Definitions of each series and notes on the data are contained in later sections of these notes describing each set of data. For detailed descriptions of each data series, see BLS Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2285 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1988), as well as the additional bulletins, articles, and other publications noted in the separate sections of the Review's "Current Labor Statistics Notes." Users may also wish to consult Major Programs of the Bureau of Labor Statistics (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1990). Employment and Unemployment Data Household survey data EMPLOYMENT DATA in this section are obtained from the Current Population Survey, a program of personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample consists of about 60,000 households selected to represent the U.S. population 16 years of age and older. Households are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months. Definitions Employed persons include (1) all civilians who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because of illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. Members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States are also included in the employed total. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours. Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and had looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new jobs within the next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed. The overall unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force, including the resident Armed Forces. The civilian unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. The labor force consists of all employed or unemployed civilians plus members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. Persons not in the labor force are those not classified as employed or unemployed; this group includes persons who are retired, those engaged in their own housework, those not working while attending school, those unable to work because of long-term illness, those discouraged from seeking work because of personal or job-market factors, and those who are voluntarily idle. The noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16 years of age and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions, sanitariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy, and members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. The labor force participation rate is the proportion of the noninstitutional population that is in the labor force. The employment-population ratio is total employment (including the resident Armed Forces) as a percent of the noninstitutional population. Notes on the data From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating errors during the intercensal years. These adjustments affect the comparability of historical data. A description of these adjustments and their effect on the various data series appear in the Explanatory Notes of Employment and Earnings. Labor force data in tables 1 and 4-10 are seasonally adjusted based on the experience through December 1989. Since January 1980, national labor force data have been seasonally adjusted with a procedure called X-11 ARIMA which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the standard X-11 method previously used by BLS. A detailed description of the procedure appears in the X-11 ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Method, by Estela Bee Dagum (Statistics Canada, Catalogue No. 12-564E, February 1980). At the end of each calendar year, season ally adjusted data for the previous 5 years are revised, and projected seasonal adjustment factors are calculated for use during the January-June period. In July, new seasonal adjustment factors, which incorporate the experience through June, are produced for the July-December period but no revisions are made in the historical data. Additional sources of information For detailed explanations of the data, see BLS Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2285 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1988), and for additional data, Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2340 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1989). Historical unadjusted data from 1948 to 1987 are available in Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey, Bulletin 2307 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1988). Historical seasonally adjusted data appear in Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey: A Databook, Vol. II, Bulletin 2096 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), and Revised Seasonally Adjusted Labor Force Statistics, 1978-87, Bulletin 2306 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1988). A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, "Comparing employment estimates from household and payroll surveys," Monthly Labor Review, December 1969, pp. 9-20. Establishment survey data Description of the series EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS DATA in this section are compiled from payroll records reported monthly on a voluntary basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies by more than 300,000 establishments representing all industries except agriculture. In most industries, the sampling probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An establishment is not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for example, or warehouse.) Self-employed persons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope of the survey because they are excluded from establishment records. This largely accounts for the difference in employment figures between the household and establishment surveys. Definitions An establishment is an economic unit which produces goods or services (such as |