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for Detroit contractors, who were unionized, to bid on Ann Arbor jobs. This was especially likely to happen when demand was slack in Detroit. For several reasons Detroit contractors were said to be more efficient than their Ann Arbor counterparts; hence, their bids were frequently low.30 In order to meet this competition, Ann Arbor contractors were making every effort to reduce costs and increase efficiency. In contrast, Bay City is located one-hundred miles from Detroit, and Bay City contractors had not been subjected to competitive pressure from Detroit con

tractors.

Undoubtedly, both of these factors contributed to the profit-consciousness of Ann Arbor contractors, but it is difficult to say which of the two was the stronger.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Several major hypotheses have been advanced to explain the greater efficiency which was found in Ann Arbor: (1) The higher union wage rate had led to a selective process by which the less efficient workers had been weeded out in the unionized city; (2) The union apprenticeship program had resulted in the training of superior workers in the union area; (3) Entrepreneurial efficiency in the Ann Arbor area was of a higher order because of (a) the "high-wage effect," and (b) the presence of an efficient competitive lead

The reasons were not examined in detail in this study. It may be assumed that many Detroit contractors had the advantages of certain economies of scale. In addition, any contractor from Detroit who bid on Ann Arbor jobs was liable to be a large-scale builder whose operations had grown by reason of superior entrepreneurial efficiency. Presumably Detroit contractors also had the advantage of a somewhat superior union-management apprenticeship program.

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ranked "A" or "B" in all trades. Hypotheses 1 and 2 were each unimportant in three trades, and 3a did not appear to have been a significant influence in four trades. Moreover, 3b was the most significant factor in carpentry, which is the most important trade.

It is much more difficult to rank the remaining hypotheses in order of importance. The only statement which can be made with impunity is that all were significant, though less so than 3b, in the determination of the efficiency levels in the two cities. Although the three were not greatly different in impact, I should place their order of importance as 1, 2, and 3a. The impressionistic nature of this conclusion must be emphasized, and the ranking must be regarded as very tentative.

If the ranking listed above is accepted, certain implications for the over-all effect of unions upon efficiency — as applied to this caseare suggested. Insofar as the higher wages caused employers to improve entrepreneurial efficiency, and insofar as the union apprenticeship program improved quality and efficiency of workers, the union may make an over-all favorable contribution to efficiency. On the other hand, if the greater efficiency in the union area was due to the rejection of poor workers who could not be paid the high wage rate, the effect of the union has been merely to redistribute the workers geographically, and the union cannot be credited with improving the general level of efficiency. Similarly, the presence or absence of competitive leaders is a purely

fortuitous circumstance which has nothing to do with the union.

If these impressions are correct, the two factors which are not associated with the unions have been the primary causes of the superior efficiency in Ann Arbor. The two factors connected with the unions do appear to have played a role, albeit a subsidiary one, in improving efficiency in the union area. Inasmuch as the unfavorable aspects of union behavior, that is, restrictive working rules and suppression of techniques, had little effect, it may be concluded that the net effect of unions on efficiency was probably favorable in the areas under survey. The same conclusion cannot be drawn for the unions' effect on total labor costs. The estimated labor costs for all trades combined were virtually identical in the two cities; thus, the greater efficiency in Ann Arbor counterbalanced the higher wage rate in this instance.

It must be emphasized that these conclusions apply to the areas under survey and cannot be generalized further. It is possible that, in other areas, union restrictive regulations have had a much more pronounced effect. On the other hand, it is also possible that in other areas the factors which cause unions to have a favorable effect on efficiency might be stronger. Nevertheless, the results of this study give some cause for believing that unionization may bring an increase in efficiency and a much smaller rise in costs than had heretofore been expected. Further studies must be made before it will be known whether such a conclusion is generally warranted.

83-453 - 67 - 3

EXHIBIT 206

CONSTRUCTION CRAFTSMAN, MARCH 1967

Dedicated to the contributions of Building Tradesmen to economic

progress and the defense of freedom.

(Note: This issue of Construction Craftsman, complete with the illustrations referred to throughout the various articles, is on file in the Subcommittee office.)

EDITORIAL: A MATTER OF PRINCIPLE AND MERIT

Legislation to reverse the Denver Building Trades Rule and to eliminate its discriminatory limitations of the economic rights of buildng trades employees has been pending before Congress for the last 13 years. The first bill reported on this subject was introduced by Senator Smith of New Jersey to fullfill the statement in President Eisenhower's message of 1954, that:

"I recommend that the Act be clarified by making it explicit that concerted action against . . . an employer on a construction project who, together with other employers, is engaged in work on the site of the project, will not be treated as a secondary boycott."

In 1959 our late President, then Senator Kennedy, stated in the Congressional Record that:

"We have secured a commitment from the leadership of the House and Senate that, in January, a bill which the Senator from California, Mr. Kuchel, and I will introduce today, and which Representative Thompson will offer in the House on the Denver Case concerning Situs Picketing, will come to the floors of the House and the Senate."

Senator Kennedy further stated explicitly on the record:

"I have received the assurances of the Majority Leader Mr. Johnson and the Minority Leader (Mr. Dirksen) that if the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare reports the bill, they will schedule it. Likewise, both the Speaker of the House (Mr. Rayburn) and Representative Halleck have said that they will use their influence to secure a rule for the consideration of the bill if the House Committee on Education and Labor reports it.”

Unqualified support of the Johnson Administration for this present bill now has been given the Congress. It can be fairly stated that there has been and is wide bi-partisan support for the Situs Picketing Bill on its merits and principles. However, it has not reached the floor of either House because of a variety of parliamentary maneuvers.

In 1959 the Situs Picketing Provision was not included in the conference report on the Landrum-Griffin Bill because of advance notice that a point of order would be raised against the provision in the House. In 1960, the Situs Picketing Bill was filibustered in the Senate Committee on Education and Labor. That is the reason why, although the Senate Committee held hearings, it never made a report.

The bill reported by this committee in 1966 was given a rule by the House Rules Committee; but in an unusual parliamentary maneuver, the then chairman of the House Committee on Education and Labor had the bill removed from the calendar of the House.

In a sense, the fact that the opponents of the bill have had to rely on such parliamentary maneuvers to frustrate it is a genuine tribute to its merits.

REPORT FROM CANADA: YEAR 'ROUND CONSTRUCTION NORTH OF THE BORDER (By J. A. McCambly)

J. A. McCambly is president of the Alberta Provincial Building and
Construction Trades Council, with headquarters in Calgary.

Ten years ago, the Government of Canada started a program of financial assistance on winter works projects to cities and municipalities. This assistance was in the form of a financial grant up to 50 per cent of the actual wage bill for the project.

For several years, these projects were manned in the winter months on any day that the weather was not unbearably cold. Under these conditions, man-hour productivity has been estimated to have been as low as 25 per cent efficient.

Gradually, contractors began to close in the projects with plastic sheeting and heat them with a temporary heating system. This practice spread throughout the construction industry in this area as contractors realized that work could continue in the winter months with ever-increasing efficiency.

Some customers now state in their specifications that they will allow a fixed amount of money, over the contract price, for protective "hording" or for preheating concrete.

Although a nominal cost is involved initially in making panels and supports for protective hording, they can be erected quickly and with care can be used many times without repair or replacement. Furthermore, job productivity is probably higher than it is in the summer months-because there is no weather element affecting the workers, such as rain and wind. The new enclosures also provide the contractor with continuity of monthly revenue and an opportunity to maintain on a year-'round basis valuable building tradesmen who have been trained to his particular work methods.

Considering the magnitude of the construction industry in Canada, the number of employes involved, and the fact that many of them can budget and spend on the same regular income each month, the new winter-work technique is having a tremendously favorable impact on the national economy.

This does not mean to say that here in Canada we have a Utopia, as there is still a great deal of room for further development of winter projects. And for the progress made so far, the principal credit must be given to the Federal Government's program of incentive financial assistance.

Winter construction is followed in this manner: Whether a project has just been started or is near completion, weather protection is used on that portion of the project that is feasible and that would interrupt the progress of the work if it were not covered in. For example, contracts bid in mid-winter might only cover and proceed with areas of concrete pours for footings or sub-structures-leaving large-area open work for the warm weather.

At the present time in Southern Alberta, there is approximately $42,500,000 worth of construction going on, the progress of which is being assisted by weatherprotection hordings. This work has provided, or will provide, employment for 1,230 construction employes.

The approximate total value of the five projects illustrated by the accompanying photographs is $20,500,000-with a present work force of 470 building tradesmen, and a peak force of 750 men.

It is not uncommon in the Calgary area to have the temperature fluctuate by as much as 50° several times during the winter season. In some of the projects illustrated, pre-heated concrete has been poured at 25° below zero more than once this winter.

Naturally, warmer days are utilized for concrete pours, whenever possible, due to the increased cost of pre-heating and the need to reduce the size of the load in the mixer trucks during cold weather so that the load can be discharged before freezing.

But in no way do these low temperatures impede the efficiency of the men working inside the heated hordings.

JACKSONVILLE'S NEW SKYSCRAPER—THE WORLD'S LARGEST PRESTRESSED POSTTENSIONED CONCRETE STRUCTURE

(By Charles Layng)

Charles Layng is former executive editor of "Railway Age" magazine. He now lives in Orlando, Florida.

A new 27-story office building now approaching completion at the Gulf Life Insurance Company complex in Jacksonville, Florida, will be the largest prestressed concrete, post-tensioned structure in the world, it is claimed. Costing $25,000,000, the new Center will include (1) the office building, which will serve as headquarters for the Florida-based insurance firm; (2) the Sheraton-Jacksonville Hotel, 300 rooms, which will cost $5,500,000; (3) a six-level, 1,100-car parking facility; and (4) a one-story employee building attached to the base of the Gulf Tower, as the 430-ft.-high office structure will be known.

The 12-acre site of the new complex is on the south bank of the St. John's River, immediately across from downtown Jacksonville. The land was purchased from a shipyard company by Gulf Life Insurance Company for $1,500,000.

The 505,000-sq. ft. Tower will provide 337,338 square feet of usable office space-117,338 of which is being rented to tenants, with the other 160,000 square feet earmarked for the Gulf Life home office.

At capacity, it is estimated that the day-to-day population of the Tower will be 2,400 people-to be served by 12 passenger elevators and two service elevators (whose rate of rise will be 800 feet per minute). Since the property fronts on the St. John's River for a distance of 1,010 feet, rather elaborate bulkhead work was required, including excavation to bedrock 35 feet below ground level and well points and pumps to lower the water level to the bedrock. This was quite a construction feat.

The tower structure has been built with precast concrete frame sections, which were cast in steel molds to give dimensional accuracy and uniformity of color and texture. The exterior surface will thus also require little or no maintenance. Below, at the podium level, the structure was framed with 7-ft.-wide precast, prestressed concrete single-Ts, surfaced with terrazzo.

About 1,000 sections of pre-stressed concrete components were used in erecting the Tower.

The prestressed, post-tensioned frame is, of course, supported by the huge service core rising through the center of the building, as well as by eight towering columns two on each side of the building-with each corner of the structure being cantilevered 40 feet outward on each floor.

A massive spread-footing supports the Tower's central core, containing the 14 elevator shafts, the stair wells, rest rooms, and mechanical shafts. Four individual spread-footings support each pair of the eight exterior columns. The podium, from which the Tower emerges, is supported separately by piles.

The completely exposed columns provide an uninterrupted glass area in between, set back from the inner surface of the columns. At the same time, the 360,000 square feet of inner office space benefits from the complete flexibility permitted by the long-span double-T floor units used in the construction.

The segmented post-tensioning technique used was simple, fast and economical. Although the erection sequence varied with the number of tendons used, the fundamental steps were these:

(1) The precast column shell sections were placed and filled with lightweight concrete, and a temporary shoring truss was secured in position. (2) The precast girder segments were placed and aligned, and the periphery of the joint was sealed with gummed, foamed, plastic tape.

(3) Rubber pneumatic tubes were then threaded into the mating prestressing ducts and inflated to 5 psi. (4) With the tape sealing the periphery of the joint and the tubes sealing the duct holes, the 1-in. space between segments was filled with high-early-strength grout (3,000 psi. in 24 hours).

(5) The tubes were then deflated and withdrawn. (6) Tendons were inserted, each consisting of 12 one-half-inch, 270-ksi. strands. (7) The tendons were then stressed and anchored by the Freyssinet method-as the columns above the girder were placed and the ducts were pressure-grouted to protect the tendons.

Each column, as placed, consisted (as was mentioned) of a precast "shell." Into this shell, fresh concrete was placed. This method of pouring guaranteed uniform color and texture on the outside, and also eliminated the need for using a decorative concrete throughout the column. Incidentally, the columns taper from a width of 6' 9'' at the third floor to 4' at the penthouse.

The core walls were progressed simultaneously with the exterior precast concrete framework. This scheduling permitted the positioning of the prestressed concrete double-T floor slabs directly on the core walls. The wall forms were of 4in. plywood on 2x6 horizontal studs, backed by doubled 2x8 vertical walers. Heavy-duty 9,000-lb ties held the forms against the concrete pressures.

As completed, metal brackets were welded to inserts in the spandrel beams in order to support one end of the 18-in.-deep double-T's. These were placed in opposite directions on alternating floors to equalize the load distribution on the columns. A 42-in. lightweight topping was placed over the double-T's, permitting complete flexibility in positioning the electrical raceways.

This unique construction method has made it possible for all the office floors to be entirely free of columns.

The Tower will be furnished with wall-to-wall carpeting in every office (provided by the owner) and with draperies in all the windows. Part of the two lower floors will be occupied by a bank, with escalators running between the two floors. A club on the 27th floor will have a dining room, a bar, a work-out room,

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