publisher. This in no way suggests to the public that the bulk of the work is uncopyrightable and therefore free for use. To make the notice meaningful rather than misleading, section 403 requires that, when the copies or phonorecords consist "preponderantly of one or more works of the United States Government,” the copy. right notice (if any) identify those parts of the work in which copyright is claimed. A failure to meet this requirement would be treated as an omission of the notice, subject to the provisions of section 405. AMENDMENTS 1988–Pub. L. 100-568 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section read as follows: "Whenever a work is published in copies or phonorecords consisting preponderantly of one or more works of the United States Government, the notice of copyright provided by sections 401 or 402 shall also include a statement identifying, either affirmatively or negatively, those portions of the copies or phonorecords embodying any work or works protected under this title." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 100-568 effective Mar. 1, 1989, with any cause of action arising under this title before such date being governed by provisions in effect when cause of action arose, see section 13 of Pub. L. 100-568, set out as a note under section 101 of this title. SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 404, 405 of this (2) To make a single notice, covering the collective work as a whole, sufficient to satisfy the notice requirement for the separate contributions it contains, even if they have been previously published or their ownership is different; and (3) To protect the interests of an innocent infringer of copyright in a contribution that does not bear its own notice, who has dealt in good faith with the person named in the notice covering the collective work as a whole. As a general rule, under this section, the rights in an individual contribution to a collective work would not be affected by the lack of a separate copyright notice, as long as the collective work as a whole bears a notice. One exception to this rule would apply to "advertisements inserted on behalf of persons other than the owner of copyright in the collective work." Collective works, notably newspapers and magazines, are major advertising media, and it is common for the same advertisement to be published in a number of different periodicals. The general copyright notice in a particular issue would not ordinarily protect the advertisements inserted in it, and relatively little advertising matter today is published with a separate copyright notice. The exception in section 404(a), under which separate notices would be required for most advertisements published in collective works, would impose no undue burdens on copyright owners and is justified by the special circumstances. Under Section 404(b) a separate contribution that does not bear its own notice, and that is published in a collective work with a general notice containing the name of someone other than the copyright owner of the contribution, is treated as if it has been published with the wrong name in the notice. The case is governed by section 406(a), which means that an innocent infringer who in good faith took a license from the person named in the general notice would be shielded from liability to some extent. title. REFERENCES IN TEXT The effective date of the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988, referred to in subsec. (b), is Mar. 1, 1989, see section 13 of Pub. L. 100-568, set out as an Effective Date of 1988 Amendment note under section 101 of this title. 8 404. Notice of copyright: Contributions to collective works (a) A separate contribution to a collective work may bear its own notice of copyright, as provided by sections 401 through 403. However, a single notice applicable to the collective work as a whole is sufficient to invoke the provisions of section 401(d) or 402(d), as applicable with respect to the separate contributions it contains (not including advertisements inserted on behalf of persons other than the owner of copy. right in the collective work), regardless of the ownership of copyright in the contributions and whether or not they have been previously published. (b) With respect to copies and phonorecords publicly distributed by authority of the copy. right owner before the effective date of the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988, where the person named in a single notice applicable to a collective work as a whole is not the owner of copyright in a separate contribution that does not bear its own notice, the case is governed by the provisions of section 406(a). (Pub. L. 94-553, title I, $ 101, Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2577; Pub. L. 100-568, $ 7(d), Oct. 31, 1988, 102 Stat. 2858.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES HOUSE REPORT NO. 94-1476 In conjunction with the provisions of section 201(c), section 404 deals with a troublesome problem under the present law: the notice requirements applicable to contributions published in periodicals and other collective works. The basic approach of the section is threefold: (1) To permit but not require a separate contribu. tion to bear its own notice; AMENDMENTS 1988–Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100-568, 87(d)(1), substituted “to invoke the provisions of section 401(d) or 402(d), as applicable" for “to satisfy the requirements of sections 401 through 403". Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100-568, 87(d)(2), substituted "With respect to copies and phonorecords publicly distributed by authority of the copyright owner before the effective date of the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988, where” for “Where”. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 100-568 effective Mar. 1, 1989, with any cause of action arising under this title before such date being governed by provisions in effect when cause of action arose, see section 13 of Pub. L. 100-568, set out as a note under section 101 of this title. 8 405. Notice of copyright: Omission of notice on cer. tain copies and phonorecords (a) EFFECT OF OMISSION ON COPYRIGHT.-With respect to copies and phonorecords publicly distributed by authority of the copyright owner before the effective date of the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988, the omission of the copyright notice described in sections 401 through 403 from copies or phonorecords publicly distributed by authority of the copyright owner does not invalidate the copyright in a work is created, and is not lost when the work is pubwork if lished, even if the copyright notice is omitted entirely. (1) the notice has been omitted from no Subsection (a) of section 405 provides that omission of more than a relatively small number of copies notice, whether intentional or unintentional, does not or phonorecords distributed to the public; or invalidate the copyright if either of two conditions is met: (2) registration for the work has been made before or is made within five years after the (1) if “no more than a relatively small number" of publication without notice, and a reasonable copies or phonorecords have been publicly distribut ed without notice; or effort is made to add notice to all copies or (2) if registration for the work has already been phonorecords that are distributed to the made, or is made within 5 years after the publication public in the United States after the omission without notice, and a reasonable effort is made to has been discovered; or add notice to copies or phonorecords publicly distrib(3) the notice has been omitted in violation uted in the United States after the omission is disof an express requirement in writing that, as covered. a condition of the copyright owner's authori Thus, if notice is omitted from more than a "relazation of the public distribution of copies or tively small number" of copies or phonorecords, copyphonorecords, they bear the prescribed right is not lost immediately, but the work will go into the public domain if no effort is made to correct the notice. error or if the work is not registered within 5 years. (b) EFFECT OF OMISSION ON INNOCENT INFRING Section 405(a) takes a middle-ground approach in an ERS.-Any person who innocently infringes a effort to encourage use of a copyright notice without copyright, in reliance upon an authorized copy causing unfair and unjustifiable forfeitures on technior phonorecord from which the copyright cal grounds. Clause (1) provides that, as long as the omission is from “no more than a relatively small notice has been omitted and which was publicly number of copies or phonorecords," there is no effect distributed by authority of the copyright owner upon the copyright owner's rights except in the case before the effective date of the Berne Conven of an innocent infringement covered by section 405(b); tion Implementation Act of 1988, incurs no li there is no need for registration or for efforts to corability for actual or statutory damages under rect the error if this clause is applicable. The phrase section 504 for any infringing acts committed “relatively small number" is intended to be less rebefore receiving actual notice that registration strictive than the phrase "a particular copy or copies" for the work has been made under section 408, now in section 21 of the present law (section 21 of former title 21). if such person proves that he or she was misled Under clause (2) of subsection (a), the first condition by the omission of notice. In a suit for infringe for curing an omission from a larger number of copies ment in such a case the court may allow or dis is that registration be made before the end of 5 years allow recovery of any of the infringer's profits from the defective publication. This registration may attributable to the infringement, and may have been made before the omission took place or enjoin the continuation of the infringing un before the work had been published in any form and, dertaking or may require, as a condition or 1 since the reasons for the omission have no bearing on permitting the continuation of the infringing the validity of copyright, there would be no need for undertaking, that the infringer pay the copy the application to refer to them. Some time limit for right owner a reasonable license fee in an registration is essential and the 5-year period is rea sonable and consistent with the period provided in secamount and on terms fixed by the court. tion 410(c). (c) REMOVAL OF NOTICE.-Protection under The second condition established by clause (2) is this title is not affected by the removal, de that the copyright owner make a “reasonable effort," struction, or obliteration of the notice, without after discovering his error, to add the notice to copies the authorization of the copyright owner, from or phonorecords distributed thereafter. This condition any publicly distributed copies or phono is specifically limited to copies or phonorecords publicrecords. ly distributed in the United States, since it would be burdensome and impractical to require an American (Pub. L. 94-553, title I, § 101, Oct. 19, 1976, 90 copyright owner to police the activities of foreign liStat. 2578; Pub. L. 100-568, § 7(e), Oct. 31, 1988, censees in this situation. 102 Stat. 2858.) The basic notice requirements set forth in sections 401(a) and 402(a) are limited to cases where a work is published by authority of the copyright owner" and, HOUSE REPORT NO. 94-1476 in prescribing the effect of omission of notice, section 405(a) refers only to omission "from copies or phonoEffect of Omission on Copyright Protection. The provi records publicly distributed by authority of the copysions of section 405(a) make clear that the notice requirements of sections 401, 402, and 403 are not abso right owner." The intention behind this language is that, where the copyright owner authorized publicalute and that, unlike the law now in effect, the outright omission of a copyright notice does not auto tion of the work, the notice requirements would not be matically forfeit protection and throw the work into met if copies or phonorecords are publicly distributed the public domain. This not only represents a major without a notice, even if he expected a notice to be change in the theoretical framework of American used. However, if the copyright owner authorized pubcopyright law, but it also seems certain to have imme lication only on the express condition that all copies diate practical consequences in a great many individ or phonorecords bear a prescribed notice, the proviual cases. Under the proposed law a work published sions of section 401 or 402 and of section 405 would without any copyright notice will still be subject to not apply since the publication itself would not be austatutory protection for at least 5 years, whether the thorized. This principle is stated directly in section omission was partial or total, unintentional or deliber 405(a)(3). ate. Effect of Omission on Innocent Infringers. In addition to Under the general scheme of the bill, statutory the possibility that copyright protection will be forcopyright protection is secured automatically when a feited under section 405(a)(2) if the notice is omitted, found in subsection (b) of section 405. That provision, So in original. Probably should be "for". which limits the rights of a copyright owner against innocent infringers under certain circumstances, EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENT would be applicable whether the notice has been omitted from a large number or from a “relatively small Amendment by Pub. L. 100-568 effective Mar. : number" of copies. The general postulates underlying 1989, with any cause of action arising under this tit] the provision are that a person acting in good faith before such date being governed by provisions i and with no reason to think otherwise should ordinari effect when cause of action arose, see section 13 o ly be able to assume that a work is in the public Pub. L. 100-568, set out as a note under section 101 o domain if there is no notice on an authorized copy or this title. phonorecord and that, if he relies on this assumption, he should be shielded from unreasonable liability. SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS Under section 405(b) an innocent infringer who acts “in reliance upon an authorized copy or phonorecord This section is referred to in section 406 of this title from which the copyright notice has been omitted", and who proves that he was misled by the omission, is 8 406. Notice of copyright: Error in name or date or shielded from liability for actual or statutory damages certain copies and phonorecords with respect to "any infringing acts committed before receiving actual notice" of registration. Thus, where (a) ERROR IN NAME.-With respect to copies the infringement is completed before actual notice has and phonorecords publicly distributed by au. been served as would be the usual case with respect thority of the copyright owner before the effec: to relatively minor infringements by teachers, librar tive date of the Berne Convention Implementa ians, journalists, and the like-liability, if any, would be limited to the profits the infringer realized from tion Act of 1988, where the person named in the act of infringement. On the other hand, where the the copyright notice on copies or phonorecords infringing enterprise is one running over a period of publicly distributed by authority of the copy. time, the copyright owner would be able to seek an in right owner is not the owner of copyright, the junction against continuation of the infringement, and validity and ownership of the copyright are not to obtain full monetary recovery for all infringing acts affected. In such a case, however, any person committed after he had served notice of registration. who innocently begins an undertaking that inPersons who undertake major enterprises of this sort should check the Copyright Office registration rec fringes the copyright has a complete defense to ords before starting, even where copies have been pub any action for such infringement if such person lished without notice. proves that he or she was misled by the notice The purpose of the second sentence of subsection (b) and began the undertaking in good faith under is to give the courts broad discretion to balance the eq a purported transfer or license from the person uities within the framework of section 405 (this sec named therein, unless before the undertaking tion). Where an infringer made profits from infringing acts committed innocently before receiving notice was begunfrom the copyright owner, the court may allow or (1) registration for the work had been made withhold their recovery in light of the circumstances. in the name of the owner of copyright; or The court may enjoin an infringement or may permit (2) a document executed by the person its continuation on condition that the copyright owner named in the notice and showing the ownerbe paid a reasonable license fee. Removal of Notice by Others. Subsection (c) of section ship of the copyright had been recorded. 405 involves the situation arising when, following an The person named in the notice is liable to acauthorized publication with notice, someone further down the chain of commerce removes, destroys, or ob count to the copyright owner for all receipts literates the notice. The courts dealing with this prob from transfers or licenses purportedly made lem under the present law, especially in connection under the copyright by the person named in with copyright notices on the selvage of textile fab the notice. rics, have generally upheld the validity of a notice (b) ERROR IN DATE.-When the year date in that was securely attached to the copies when they left the control of the copyright owner, even though the notice on copies or phonorecords distributremoval of the notice at some later stage was likely. ed before the effective date of the Berne ConThis conclusion is incorporated in subsection (c). vention Implementation Act of 1988 by author ity of the copyright owner is earlier than the REFERENCES IN TEXT year in which publication first occurred, any The effective date of the Berne Convention Imple period computed from the year of first publicamentation Act of 1988, referred to in subsecs. (a) and tion under section 302 is to be computed from (b), is Mar. 1, 1989, see section 13 of Pub. L. 100-568, the year in the notice. Where the year date is set out as an Effective Date of 1988 Amendment note more than one year later than the year in under section 101 of this title. which publication first occurred, the work is considered to have been published without any AMENDMENTS notice and is governed by the provisions of sec1988–Pub. L. 100-568, 87(e)(3), substituted “notice tion 405. on certain copies and phonorecords” for “notice" in (c) OMISSION OF NAME OR DATE.- Where section catchline. copies or phonorecords publicly distributed Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100-568, $ 7(e)(1), substituted before the effective date of the Berne Conven"With respect to copies and phonorecords publicly distributed by authority of the copyright owner before tion Implementation Act of 1988 by authority the effective date of the Berne Convention Implemen of the copyright owner contain no name or no tation Act of 1988, the omission of the copyright date that could reasonably be considered a part notice described in" for “The omission of the copy of the notice, the work is considered to have right notice prescribed by". been published without any notice and is govSubsec. (b), Pub. L. 100-568, 87(e)(2), substituted erned by the provisions of section 405 as in "omitted and which was publicly distributed by authority of the copyright owner before the effective effect on the day before the effective date of date of the Berne Convention Implementation Act of the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988," for "omitted,". 1988. (Pub. L. 94-553, title I, § 101, Oct. 19, 1976, 90 what separated from them. Direct contiguity or juxtaStat. 2578; Pub. L. 100-568, § 7(f), Oct. 31, 1988, position of the elements is no longer necessary; but if 102 Stat. 2858.) the elements are too widely separated for their rela tion to be apparent, or if uncertainty is created by the HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES presence of other names or dates, the case would have to be treated as if the name or date, and hence the HOUSE REPORT NO. 94-1476 notice itself had been omitted altogether. In addition to cases where notice has been omitted entirely, it is common under the present law for a REFERENCES IN TEXT copyright notice to be fatally defective because the The effective date of the Berne Convention Implename or date has been omitted or wrongly stated. Sec mentation Act of 1988, referred to in text, is Mar. 1, tion 406 is intended to avoid technical forfeitures in 1989, see section 13 of Pub. L. 100-568, set out as an these cases, while at the same time inducing use of the Effective Date of 1988 Amendment note under section correct name and date and protecting users who rely 101 of this title. on erroneous information. Error in Name. Section 406(a) begins with a statement AMENDMENTS that the use of the wrong name in the notice will not affect the validity or ownership of the copyright, and 1988–Pub, L. 100-568, $ 7(f)(4), substituted "date on then deals with situations where someone acting inno certain copies and phonorecords" for "date" in section catchline. cently and in good faith infringes a copyright by relying on a purported transfer or license from the person Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100-568, § 7(f)(1), substituted erroneously named in the notice. In such a case the in "With respect to copies and phonorecords publicly disnocent infringer is given a complete defense unless a tributed by authority of the copyright owner before search of the Copyright Office records would have the effective date of the Berne Convention Implemenshown that the owner was someone other than the tation Act of 1988, where" for “Where". person named in the notice. Use of the wrong name in Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100-568, $7(f)(2), inserted "before the effective date of the Berne Convention the notice is no defense if, at the time infringement was begun, registration had been made in the name of Implementation Act of 1988" after “distributed". the true owner, or if "a document executed by the Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100-568, 87(f)(3), inserted person named in the notice and showing the owner "before the effective date of the Berne Convention ship of the copyright had been recorded.” Implementation Act of 1988" after “publicly distributThe situation dealt with in section 406(a) presup ed" and "as in effect on the day before the effective poses a contractual relation between the copyright date of the Berne Convention Implementation Act of owner and the person named in the notice. The copies 1988” after "section 405". or phonorecords bearing the defective notice have been "distributed by authority of the copyright EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENT owner" and, unless the publication can be considered Amendment by Pub. L. 100-568 effective Mar. 1, unauthorized because of breach of an express condi 1989, with any cause of action arising under this title tion in the contract or other reasons, the owner must before such date being governed by provisions in be presumed to have acquiesced in the use of the effect when cause of action arose, see section 13 of wrong name. If the person named in the notice grants Pub. L. 100-568, set out as a note under section 101 of a license for use of the work in good faith or under a this title. misapprehension, that person should not be liable as a copyright infringer, but the last sentence of section SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS 406(a) would make the person named in the notice This section is referred to in section 404 of this title. liable to account to the copyright owner for "all receipts, from transfers or licenses purportedly made under the copyright” by that person. 8 407. Deposit of copies or phonorecords for Library Error in Date. The familiar problems of antedated of Congress and postdated notices are dealt with in subsection (b) (a) Except as provided by subsection (c), and of section 406. In the case of an antedated notice, subject to the provisions of subsection (e), the where the year in the notice is earlier than the year of first publication, the bill adopts the established judi. owner of copyright or of the exclusive right of cial principle that any statutory term measured from publication in a work published in the United the year of publication will be computed from the States shall deposit, within three months after year given in the notice. This provision would apply the date of such publicationnot only to the copyright terms of anonymous works, (1) two complete copies of the best edition; pseudonymous works, and works made for hire under or section 302(c), but also to the presumptive periods set (2) if the work is a sound recording, two forth in section 302(e). As for postdated notices, subsection (b) provides complete phonorecords of the best edition, tothat, where the year in the notice is more than one gether with any printed or other visually peryear later than the year of first publication the case is ceptible material published with such phonotreated as if the notice had been omitted and is gov records. erned by section 405. Notices postdated by one year Neither the deposit requirements of this subare quite common on works published near the end of a year, and it would be unnecessarily strict to equate section nor the acquisition provisions of subseccases of that sort with works published without notice tion (e) are conditions of copyright protection. of any sort. (b) The required copies or phonorecords shall Omission of Name or Date. Section 406(c) provides be deposited in the Copyright Office for the that, if the copies or phonorecords "contain no name use or disposition of the Library of Congress. or no date that could reasonably be considered a part The Register of Copyrights shall, when reof the notice," the result is the same as if the notice quested by the depositor and upon payment of had been omitted entirely, and section 405 controls. the fee prescribed by section 708, issue a receipt Unlike the present law, the bill contains no provision requiring the elements of the copyright notice to “ac for the deposit. company" each other, and under section 406(c) a name (c) The Register of Copyrights may by reguor date that could reasonably be read with the other lation exempt any categories of material from elements may satisfy the requirements even if some the deposit requirements of this section, or re the demand or the methods for fulfilling it, as reasonably warranted by the circumstances. Willful failure or refusal to comply with the conditions prescribed by such regulations shall subject the owner of the right of transmission in the United States to liability for an amount, not to exceed the cost of reproducing and supplying the copy or phonorecord in question, to be paid into a specially designated fund in the Library of Congress. (3) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to require the making or retention, for purposes of deposit, of any copy or phonorecord of an unpublished transmission program, the transmission of which occurs before the receipt of a specific written demand as provided by clause (2). (4) No activity undertaken in compliance with regulations prescribed under clauses (1) or (2) of this subsection shall result in liability if intended solely to assist in the acquisition of copies or phonorecords under this sub section. (Pub. L. 94-553, title I, $ 101, Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2579; Pub. L. 100-568, 88, Oct. 31, 1988, 102 Stat. 2859.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES quire deposit of only one copy or phonorecord with respect to any categories. Such regulations shall provide either for complete exemption from the deposit requirements of this section, or for alternative forms of deposit aimed at providing a satisfactory archival record of a work without imposing practical or financial hardships on the depositor, where the individual author is the owner of copyright in a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work and (i) less than five copies of the work have been published, or (ii) the work has been published in a limited edition consisting of numbered copies, the monetary value of which would make the mandatory deposit of two copies of the best edition of the work burdensome, unfair, or unreasonable. (d) At any time after publication of a work as provided by subsection (a), the Register of Copyrights may make written demand for the required deposit on any of the persons obligated to make the deposit under subsection (a). Unless deposit is made within three months after the demand is received, the person or persons on whom the demand was made are liable (1) to a fine of not more than $250 for each work; and (2) to pay into a specially designated fund in the Library of Congress the total retail price of the copies or phonorecords demanded, or, if no retail price has been fixed, the reasonable cost of the Library of Congress of acquiring them; and (3) to pay a fine of $2,500, in addition to any fine or liability imposed under clauses (1) and (2), if such person willfully or repeatedly fails or refuses to comply with such a demand. (e) With respect to transmission programs that have been fixed and transmitted to the public in the United States but have not been published, the Register of Copyrights shall, after consulting with the Librarian of Congress and other interested organizations and officials, establish regulations governing the acquisition, through deposit or otherwise, of copies or phonorecords of such programs for the collections of the Library of Congress. (1) The Librarian of Congress shall be permitted, under the standards and conditions set forth in such regulations, to make a fixation of a transmission program directly from a transmission to the public, and to reproduce one copy or phonorecord from such fixation for archival purposes. (2) Such regulations shall also provide standards and procedures by which the Register of Copyrights may make written demand, upon the owner of the right of transmission in the United States, for the deposit of a copy or phonorecord of a specific transmission program. Such deposit may, at the option of the owner of the right of transmission in the United States, be accomplished by gift, by loan for purposes of reproduction, or by sale at a price not to exceed the cost of reproducing and supplying the copy or phonorecord. The regulations established under this clause shall provide reasonable periods of not less than three months for compliance with a demand, and shall allow for extensions of such periods and adjustments in the scope of HOUSE REPORT NO. 94-1476 The provisions of sections 407 through 411 of the bill mark another departure from the present law. Under the 1909 statute, deposit of copies for the collections of the Library of Congress and deposit of copies for purposes of copyright registration have been treated as the same thing. The bill's basic approach is to regard deposit and registration as separate though closely related: deposit of copies or phonorecords for the Library of Congress is mandatory, but exceptions can be made for material the Library neither needs nor wants; copyright registration is not generally mandatory, but is a condition of certain remedies for copyright infringement. Deposit for the Library of Congress can be, and in the bulk of cases undoubtedly will be, combined with copyright registration. The basic requirement of the deposit provision, section 407, is that within 3 months after a work has been published with notice of copyright in the United States, the “owner of copyright or of the exclusive right of publication" must deposit two copies or phonorecords of the work in the Copyright Office. The Register of Copyrights is authorized to exempt any category of material from the deposit requirements. Where the category is not exempted and deposit is not made, the Register may demand it; failure to comply would be penalized by a fine. Under the present law deposits for the Library of Congress must be combined with copyright registration, and failure to comply with a formal demand for deposit and registration results in complete loss of copyright. Under section 407 of the bill, the deposit requirements can be satisfied without ever making registration, and subsection (a) makes clear that deposit "is not a condition of copyright protection." A realistic fine, coupled with the increased inducements for voluntary registration and deposit under other sections of the bill, seems likely to produce a more effective deposit system than the present one. The bill's approach will also avoid the danger that, under a divisible copyright, one copyright owner's rights could be destroyed by another owner's failure to deposit. Although the basic deposit requirements are limited to works "published with notice of copyright in the United States," they would become applicable as soon |