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request of any Member or to Congress, through the proper official channels, requests for legislation or appropriations which they deem necessary for the efficient conduct of the public business.

Whoever, being an officer or employee of the United States or of any department or agency thereof, violates or attempts to violate this section, shall be fined not more than $500 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both; and after notice and hearing by the superior officer vested with the power of removing him, shall be removed from office or employment. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 792.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 201 (July 11, 1919, ch. 6, § 6, 41 Stat. 68).

Reference to "department" and "agency" was added in three instances after the words "United States" to remove doubt as to the scope of the section. (See definitions of "department" and "agency" in section 6 of this title.)

Reference to the offense as a misdemeanor was omitted as unnecessary in view of the definitive section 1 of this title.

Words "on conviction thereof" were omitted as surplusage since punishment can be imposed only after conviction.

Minor changes were made in phraseology.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in title 5 section 3374; title 29 section 7961.

[§ 1914. Repealed. Pub. L. 87-849, § 2, Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1126]

Section, act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 793, related to salary of Government officials and employees payable only by United States. Section was supplanted by section 209 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF REPEAL

Repeal of section effective 90 days after Oct. 23, 1962, see section 4 of Pub. L. 87-849, set out as an Effective Date note under section 201 of this title.

§ 1915. Compromise of customs liabilities

Whoever, being an officer of the United States, without lawful authority compromises or abates or attempts to compromise or abate any claim of the United States arising under the customs laws for any fine, penalty or forfeiture, or in any manner relieves or attempts to relieve any person, vessel, vehicle, merchandise or baggage therefrom, shall be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than two years, or both.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 793.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on section 1616 of title 19, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Customs Duties (June 17, 1930, ch. 497, title IV, § 616, 46 Stat. 757).

Designation of the offense as a felony was omitted as unnecessary in view of definitive section 1 of this title. (See reviser's note under section 550 of this title.) Words "and upon conviction thereof" were also omitted as unnecessary, since punishment could not be imposed until after conviction.

Changes were made in phraseology.

REFERENCES IN TEXT

The customs laws, referred to in text, are classified generally to Title 19, Customs Duties.

§ 1916. Unauthorized employment and disposition of lapsed appropriations

Whoever

(1) violates the provision of section 3103 of title 5 that an individual may be employed in the civil service in an Executive department at the seat of Government only for services actually rendered in connection with and for the purposes of the appropriation from which he is paid; or

(2) violates the provision of section 5501 of title 5 that money accruing from lapsed salaries or from unused appropriations for salaries shall be covered into the Treasury of the United States;

shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than one year.

(Added Pub. L. 89-554, § 3(d), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 608.)

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The statement of the acts prohibited is supplied from section 4 of the Act of Aug. 5, 1882, ch. 389, 22 Stat. 255, as amended June 22, 1906, ch. 3514, §§ 6, 8, 34 Stat. 449, and Sept. 23, 1950, ch. 1010, § 7, 64 Stat, 986, which is codified in sections 3103 and 5501 of title 5, United States Code.

The words "upon conviction thereof" are omitted as unnecessary because punishment can be imposed only after conviction.

§ 1917. Interference with civil service examinations

Whoever, being a member or employee of the United States Civil Service Commission or an individual in the public service, willfully and corruptly

(1) defeats, deceives, or obstructs an individual in respect of his right of examination according to the rules prescribed by the President under title 5 for the administration of the competitive service and the regulations prescribed by the Commission under section 1302(a) of title 5;

(2) falsely marks, grades, estimates, or reports on the examination or proper standing of an individual examined;

(3) makes a false representation concerning the mark, grade, estimate, or report on the examination or proper standing of an individual examined, or concerning the individual examined; or

(4) furnishes to an individual any special or secret information for the purpose of improving or injuring the prospects or chances of an individual examined, or to be examined, being appointed, employed, or promoted;

shall, for each offense, be fined not less than $100 nor more than $1,000 or imprisoned not less than ten days nor more than one year, or both.

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The section is rewritten to conform to the style of title 18. The words "a member or employee of the United States Civil Service Commission" are coextensive with and substituted for "Civil Service Commissioner, examiner, copyist, or messenger".

The references to actions in concert with others to violate this section are omitted in view of the crime of conspiracy contained in chapter 19 of title 18.

In paragraph (1), the words "the rules prescribed by the President under title 5 for the administration of the competitive service and the regulations prescribed by the Commission under section 1302(a) of title 5" are substituted for "any such rules or regulations" to provide the basis of reference.

The words "be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor" are omitted as unnecessary in view of the definitive section 1 of this title. (See reviser's note under 18 U.S.C. 212, 1964 ed.)

The words "and upon conviction thereof" are omitted as unnecessary because punishment can be imposed only after conviction.

The words "or both" are substituted for "or by both such fine and imprisonment".

TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS

All functions vested by statute in the United States Civil Service Commission were transferred to the Director of the Office of Personnel Management (except as otherwise specified) by Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1978, § 102, 43 F.R. 36037, 92 Stat. 3783, set out under section 1101 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, effective Jan. 1, 1979, as provided by section 1-102 of Ex. Ord. No. 12107, Dec. 28, 1978, 44 F.R. 1055, set out under section 1101 of Title 5.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in title 22 section 3622.

§ 1918. Disloyalty and asserting the right to strike against the Government

Whoever violates the provision of section 7311 of title 5 that an individual may not accept or hold a position in the Government of the United States or the government of the District of Columbia if he—

(1) advocates the overthrow of our constitutional form of government;

(2) is a member of an organization that he knows advocates the overthrow of our constitutional form of government;

(3) participates in a strike, or asserts the right to strike, against the Government of the United States or the government of the District of Columbia; or

(4) is a member of an organization of employees of the Government of the United States or of individuals employed by the government of the District of Columbia that he knows asserts the right to strike against the Government of the United States or the government of the District of Columbia;

shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than one year and a day, or both.

5 U.S.C. 118r.

[Uncodified.]

Aug. 9, 1955, ch. 690, § 3, 69 Stat. 625.

June 29, 1956, ch. 479, § 3 (as applicable to the Act of Aug. 9, 1955, ch. 690, § 3, 69 Stat. 625), 70 Stat. 453.

The section is rewritten to conform to the style of title 18. The statement of the acts prohibited is supplied from the Act of Aug. 9, 1955, ch. 690, § 1, 69 Stat. 624, which is codified in section 7311 of title 5, United States Code.

The words "From and after July 1, 1956", appearing in the Act of June 29, 1956, are omitted as executed. The words "shall be guilty of a felony" are omitted as unnecessary in view of the definitive section 1 of this title. (See reviser's note under section 550 of this title.)

§ 1919. False statement to obtain unemployment compensation for Federal service

Whoever makes a false statement or representation of a material fact knowing it to be false, or knowingly fails to disclose a material fact, to obtain or increase for himself or for any other individual any payment authorized to be paid under chapter 85 of title 5 or under an agreement thereunder, shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both.

(Added Pub. L. 89-554, § 3(d), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 609.)

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Sept. 13, 86-767, 908.

1960, Pub. L. § 206, 74 Stat.

The word "That" in the Act of Sept. 7, 1916, is omitted as unnecessary.

The words "under section 8106 of title 5" are substituted for "under section 754 of this title" to reflect the codification of the section in title 5, United States Code. The words "a claim for compensation under subchapter I of chapter 81 of title 5" are substituted for "any claim for compensation" for clarity.

The words "or both" are substituted for "or by both such fine and imprisonment".

Minor changes in phraseology are made to conform to the style of title 18.

§ 1921. Receiving Federal employees' compensation after marriage

Whoever, being entitled to compensation under sections 8107-8113 and 8133 of title 5 and whose compensation by the terms of those sections stops or is reduced on his marriage or on the marriage of his dependent, accepts after such marriage any compensation or payment to which he is not entitled shall be fined not more than $2,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both.

(Added Pub. L. 89-554, § 3(d), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 610.)

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The words "the reports of the immediate superior specified in section 8120 of title 5" are substituted for "the reports specified in subsection (a) of this section" to reflect the codification of that subsection in title 5, United States Code.

The words "subchapter I of chapter 81 of title 5" and "that subchapter" are substituted for "sections 751-756, 757-781, 783-791, and 793 of this title" and "said sections", respectively, to reflect the codification of the sections in title 5, United States Code.

The words "shall be guilty of a misdemeanor" are omitted as unnecessary in view of the definitive section 1 of this title. (See reviser's note under 18 U.S.C. 212, 1964 ed.)

The words "and upon conviction thereof" are omitted as unnecessary because punishment can be imposed only after conviction.

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(2) chapter 10 of title 37;

without being entitled thereto, with intent to defraud, shall be fined not more than $2,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. (Added Pub. L. 89-554, § 3(d), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 610.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

The word "Whoever" is substituted for "If any person" to conform to the style of title 18.

The words "under sections 8107-8113 and 8133 of title 55" are substituted for "under this section or section 755 or 756 of this title" to reflect the codification of the sections in title 5, United States Code.

The words "or both" are substituted for "or by both such fine and imprisonment".

§ 1922. False or withheld report concerning Federal employees' compensation

Whoever, being an officer or employee of the United States charged with the responsibility for making the reports of the immediate superior specified by section 8120 of title 5, willfully fails, neglects, or refuses to make any of the reports, or knowingly files a false report, or induces, compels, or directs an injured employee to forego filing of any claim for compensation or other benefits provided under subchapter I of chapter 81 of title 5 or any extension or application thereof, or willfully retains any notice, report, claim, or paper which is required to be filed under that subchapter or any extension or application thereof, or regulations prescribed thereunder, shall be fined not more than $500 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both.

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1988-Pub. L. 100-690, title VII, § 7053(c), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4402, redesignated items 1952A and 1952B as 1958 and 1959, respectively, and transferred them to the end of the table of sections.

1986-Pub. L. 99-570, title I, § 1352(b), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207-21, added items 1956 and 1957. 1984-Pub. L. 98-473, title II, § 1002(b), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2137, added items 1952A and 1952B.

1970-Pub. L. 91-452, title VIII, § 803(b), Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 938, added item 1955.

1962-Pub. L. 87-420, § 17(f), Mar. 20, 1962, 76 Stat. 43, added item 1954.

1961-Pub. L. 87-228, § 1(b), Sept. 13, 1961, 75 Stat. 499, added item 1952.

Pub. L. 87-218, § 1, Sept. 13, 1961, 75 Stat. 492, added item 1953.

CHAPTER REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This chapter is referred to in section 3582 of this title; title 7 section 12a.

§ 1951. Interference with commerce by threats or violence

(a) Whoever in any way or degree obstructs, delays, or affects commerce or the movement of any article or commodity in commerce, by robbery or extortion or attempts or conspires so to do, or commits or threatens physical violence to any person or property in furtherance of a plan or purpose to do anything in violation of this section shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than twenty years, or both.

(b) As used in this section

(1) The term "robbery" means the unlawful taking or obtaining of personal property from the person or in the presence of another, against his will, by means of actual or threatened force, or violence, or fear of injury, immediate or future, to his person or property, or property in his custody or possession, or the person or property of a relative or member of his family or of anyone in his company at the time of the taking or obtaining.

(2) The term "extortion" means the obtaining of property from another, with his consent, induced by wrongful use of actual or threatened force, violence, or fear, or under color of official right.

(3) The term "commerce" means commerce within the District of Columbia, or any Territory or Possession of the United States; all commerce between any point in a State, Territory, Possession, or the District of Columbia and any point outside thereof; all commerce between points within the same State through any place outside such State; and all other commerce over which the United States has jurisdiction.

(c) This section shall not be construed to repeal, modify or affect section 17 of Title 15, sections 52, 101-115, 151-166 of Title 29 or sections 151-188 of Title 45.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 793.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §§ 420a-420e-1 (June 18, 1934, ch. 569, §§ 1-6, 48 Stat. 979, 980; July 3, 1946, ch. 537, 60 Stat. 420).

Section consolidates sections 420a to 420e-1 of Title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., with changes in phraseology and arrangement necessary to effect consolidation.

Provisions designating offense as felony were omitted as unnecessary in view of definitive section 1 of this title. (See reviser's note under section 550 of this title.)

Subsection (c) of the revised section is derived from title II of the 1946 amendment. It substitutes references to specific sections of the United States Code, 1940 ed., in place of references to numerous acts of Congress, in conformity to the style of the revision bill. Subsection (c) as rephrased will preclude any construction of implied repeal of the specified acts of Congress codified in the sections enumerated.

The words "attempts or conspires so to do" were substituted for sections 3 and 4 of the 1946 act, omitting as unnecessary the words "participates in an attempt" and the words "or acts in concert with another or with others", in view of section 2 of this title which makes any person who participates in an unlawful enterprise or aids or assists the principal offender, or does anything towards the accomplishment of the crime, a principal himself.

Words "shall, upon conviction thereof," were omitted as surplusage, since punishment cannot be imposed until a conviction is secured.

REFERENCES IN TEXT

Sections 101-115 of Title 29, referred to in subsec. (c), is a reference to act Mar. 23, 1932, ch. 90, 47 Stat. 70, popularly known as the Norris-LaGuardia Act. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 101 of Title 29, Labor, and Tables.

Section 11 of that act, formerly classified to section 111 of Title 29, was repealed and reenacted as section 3692 of this title by act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, § 21, 62 Stat. 862, eff. Sept. 1, 1948.

Section 12 of that act, formerly classified to section 112 of Title 29, was repealed by act June 25, 1948, and is covered by rule 42(b) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, set out in Appendix to this title.

Section 164 of Title 45, included within the reference in subsec. (c) to sections 151-188 of Title 45, was repealed by act Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 851, § 4, 54 Stat. 1111. See section 5 of Title 41, Public Contracts.

Section 186 of Title 45, included within the reference in subsec. (c) to sections 151-188 of Title 45, was omitted from the Code.

SHORT TITLE

This section is popularly known as the "Hobbs Act".

CROSS REFERENCES

Wire or oral communications, authorization for interception, to provide evidence of offenses under this section, see section 2516 of this title.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 1961, 2516 of this title; title 29 section 1111.

§ 1952. Interstate and foreign travel or transportation in aid of racketeering enterprises

(a) Whoever travels in interstate or foreign commerce or uses any facility in interstate or foreign commerce, including the mail, with intent to

(1) distribute the proceeds of any unlawful activity; or

(2) commit any crime of violence to further any unlawful activity; or

(3) otherwise promote, manage, establish, carry on, or facilitate the promotion, management, establishment, or carrying on, of any unlawful activity,

and thereafter performs or attempts to perform any of the acts specified in subparagraphs (1), (2), and (3), shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned for not more than five years, or both.

(b) As used in this section "unlawful activity" means (1) any business enterprise involving gambling, liquor on which the Federal excise tax has not been paid, narcotics or controlled substances (as defined in section 102(6) of the Controlled Substances Act), or prostitution offenses in violation of the laws of the State in which they are committed or of the United States, (2) extortion, bribery, or arson in violation of the laws of the State in which committed or of the United States, or (3) any act which is indictable under subchapter II of chapter 53 of title 31, United States Code, or under section 1956 or 1957 of this title.

(c) Investigations of violations under this section involving liquor shall be conducted under the supervison of the Secretary of the Treasury.

(Added Pub. L. 87-228, § 1(a), Sept. 13, 1961, 75 Stat. 498, and amended Pub. L. 89-68, July 7, 1965, 79 Stat. 212; Pub. L. 91-513, title II, § 701(i)(2), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1282; Pub. L. 99-570, title I, § 1365(a), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207-35.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

Section 102(6) of the Controlled Substances Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is classified to section 802(6) of Title 21, Food and Drugs.

AMENDMENTS

1986-Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 99-570 added cl. (3). 1970-Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 91-513, § 701(i)(2)(A), inserted "or controlled substances (as defined in section 102(6) of the Controlled Substances Act)".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 91-513, § 701(i)(2)(B), struck out reference to investigations involving narcotics. 1965-Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 89-68 made section applicable to travel in aid of arson.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1970 AmendmenT Amendment by Pub. L. 91-513 effective on the first day of the seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 704 of Pub. L. 91-513, set out as an Effective Date note under section 801 of Title 21, Food and Drugs.

SAVINGS PROVISION

Amendment of this section by Pub. L. 91-513 not to affect or abate any prosecutions for any violation of law or any civil seizures or forfeitures and injunctive proceedings commenced prior to the effective date of such amendment, and all administrative proceedings pending before the former Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs on Oct. 27, 1970, were to be continued and brought to final determination in accord with laws and regulations in effect prior to Oct. 27, 1970, see section 702 of Pub. L. 91-513, set out as a Savings Provision note under section 321 of Title 21, Food and Drugs.

CROSS REFERENCES

Wire or oral communications, authorization for interception, to provide evidence of offenses under this section, see section 2516 of this title.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 1961, 2516 of this title.

[§ 1952A. Renumbered § 1958]

[§ 1952B. Renumbered § 1959]

§ 1953. Interstate transportation of wagering paraphernalia

(a) Whoever, except a common carrier in the usual course of its business, knowingly carries or sends in interstate or foreign commerce any record, paraphernalia, ticket, certificate, bills, slip, token, paper, writing, or other device used, or to be used, or adapted, devised, or designed for use in (a) bookmaking; or (b) wagering pools with respect to a sporting event; or (c) in a numbers, policy, bolita, or similar game shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned for not more than five years or both.

(b) This section shall not apply to (1) parimutuel betting equipment, parimutuel tickets where legally acquired, or parimutuel materials used or designed for use at racetracks or other sporting events in connection with which betting is legal under applicable State law, or (2) the transportation of betting materials to be used in the placing of bets or wagers on a sporting event into a State in which such betting is legal under the statutes of that State, or (3) the carriage or transportation in interstate or foreign commerce of any newspaper or similar publication, or (4) equipment, tickets, or materials used or designed for use within a State in a lottery conducted by that State acting under authority of State law, or (5) the transportation in foreign commerce to a destination in a foreign country of equipment, tickets, or materials designed to be used within that foreign country in a lottery which is authorized by the laws of that foreign country.

(c) Nothing contained in this section shall create immunity from criminal prosecution under any laws of any State, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, territory, possession, or the District of Columbia.

(d) For the purposes of this section (1) "State" means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any territory or possession of the United States; and (2) "foreign country" means any empire, country, dominion, colony, or protectorate, or any subdivision thereof (other than the United States, its territories or possessions).

(e) For the purposes of this section "lottery" means the pooling of proceeds derived from the sale of tickets or chances and allotting those proceeds or parts thereof by chance to one or more chance takers or ticket purchasers. “Lottery" does not include the placing or accepting of bets or wagers on sporting events or contests. (Added Pub. L. 87-218, § 1, Sept. 13, 1961, 75 Stat. 492, and amended Pub. L. 93-583, § 3, Jan.

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