From a photograph by the Times Photo Service tional quarrels. A court of arbitration is always arranged for by treaty and the two nations submit their arguments to this court exactly as two citizens try a case before a judge. A permanent court of arbitration was established by the great nations at the Hague Peace Conference in 1899. This system, however, did not prevent the Great War from breaking out in 1914. Overwhelmed by the terrible losses of this war the nations of the world sought in the League of Nations a more effective means of arbitrating disputes and preventing war. It is the hope of the whole civilized world that peace has been made more secure for the future and that the danger of war will grow smaller and smaller. Enemies at Home.-The national government also protects us against the graver forms of disorder at home. It cannot do ordinary police work. That is left to the States, as we have seen. Your local policeman is expected to protect you against thieves, and there is a State militia (our State volunteers) which the governor can call out to protect property and lives when there is disorder. But if a riot or a rebellion grows serious and the State authorities are unable to quell it, the State Legislature (or if the legislature is not in session, the governor) is entitled to call upon the President to send troops of the national army to help. (Art. IV, Sec. 4.) Under the same section it is made the duty of the national government to see that every State has "a republican form of government." This means that no State can set up a monarchy or any tyranny, and that all the troops of the United States will be called out if necessary to compel popular government in a State. In one other way the national government preserves order within the States. The President must "take care that the laws be faithfully executed." (Art. II, Sec. 3.) To do this he can use the entire army if necessary. When a strike tied up the mails in Chicago in 1894 President Cleveland sent national troops to preserve order and prevent the mails from being held up or destroyed. The mails were not stopped. These services show how fortunate we are to live in a strong, stable, unified nation, that gains us respect wherever we travel abroad and helds our lives and liberties, our property and our happiness safe against riot and rebellion at home. us. 2. THE LESSER SERVICES Other Services.-We come now to the simpler and lesser things that the national government does for These have increased constantly with the growth of the country, and are likely to increase more. Why? Our Changed Conditions.-Just consider what the country was like in 1789. Then most Americans were farmers, and each farmer grew almost everything that he and his family ate-wheat, pork, mutton, beef, milk, eggs, and so forth. His wife spun the wool and made the clothes. There were no factories. There was very little trading between States. To-day, the farms are mostly huge farms, each growing a few products which are shipped all over the country. The wheat farmer grows chiefly wheat, and so forth. Cattle are raised in the ranching States of the West, packed at the great meat-packing centres, Chicago and Kansas City, and shipped to every city and village in the nation. In the same way clothes are no longer made at home; they are made in New York and other large cities for the whole country. Wonderful machines have been invented for spinning and weaving and every other manufacturing process, and to operate them great factories have been built. Each factory makes one sort of thing, shoes, hats, ploughs, automobiles, etc., and what it produces is shipped everywhere. To deliver all these products railways were invented and developed as we know them to-day, crossing and crisscrossing the entire country. The freight charge is an important item in the price of everything we buy. Just think when you sit down for dinner how many States are serving you. The wheat for your bread was grown in North Dakota, let us say, and milled in Minnesota. The steer that is now roast beef grazed in Texas and was killed and packed in Chicago. The apples came from Oregon, the oranges from Florida. The sugar-cane was grown in Louisiana and refined into sugar in New York. The salt was manufactured in Kansas. The coal that cooked the meal is from Pennsylvania. The perishables, the milk, fresh eggs, and fresh vegetables, came from your own or a near-by State. A dozen States contribute to the simplest meal. Take your knife and fork. If they are silver-plated, the silver was mined in Nevada, perhaps, the iron underneath was mined in Michigan, shipped to Pittsburgh |