9. When the college and appurtenances shall have been constructed, and supplied with plain and suitable furniture and books, philosophical and experimental instruments and apparatus, and all other matters needful to carry the testator's general design into execution, the income, issues, and profits of so much of the said sum of two millions of dollars as shall remain unexpended shall be applied to maintain the said college according to his directions.

10. The institution shall be organized as soon as practicable.

II. To accomplish that purpose more effectually, due public notice of the intended opening of the college shall be given, so that there may be an opportunity to make selections of competent instructors and other agents, and those who may have the charge of orphans may be aware of the provisions intended for them.

12. A competent number of instructors, teachers, assistants, and other necessary agents shall be selected, and when needful, their places from time to time supplied.

13. They shall receive adequate compensation for their services.

14. No person shall be employed who shall not be of tried skill in his or her proper department, of established moral character, and in all cases persons shall be chosen on account of their merit and not through favor or intrigue.

15. As many poor white male orphans, between the ages of six and ten years, as the said income shall be adequate to maintain, shall be introduced into the college as soon as possible; and from time to time as there may be vacancies, or as increased ability from income may warrant, others shall be introduced.

16. On the application for admission, an accurate statement shall be taken in a book prepared for the purpose, of the name, birth-place, age, health, condition as to relatives, and other particulars useful to be known, of each orphan.

17. No orphan shall be admitted until the guardians or directors of the poor, or a proper guardian or other compe

tent authority, shall have given, by indenture, relinquishment or otherwise, adequate power to the Mayor, Aldermen, and Citizens of Philadelphia, or to directors or others by them appointed, to enforce, in relation to each orphan, every proper restraint, and to prevent relatives or others from interfering with, or withdrawing, such orphan from the institution.

18. Those orphans for whose admission application shall first be made, shall be first introduced, all other things concurring, and at all future times, priority of application shall entitle the applicant to preference in admission, all other things concurring; but if there shall be at any time more applicants than vacancies, and the applying orphans shall have been born in different places, a preference shall be given -first, to orphans born in the City of Philadelphia; secondly, to those born in any other part of Pennsylvania; thirdly, to those born in the City of New York; and, lastly, to those born in the City of New Orleans.

19. The orphans admitted into the college shall be there fed with plain but wholesome food, clothed with plain but decent apparel, and lodged in a plain but safe manner.

20. No distinctive dress is ever to be worn.

21. Due regard shall be paid to their health, and to this end their persons and clothes shall be kept clean, and they shall have suitable and rational exercise and recreation.

22. They shall be instructed in the various branches of a sound education.

23. Among them reading, writing, grammar, arithmetic, geography, navigation, surveying, practical mathematics, astronomy, natural philosophy, chemistry, physics, French and Spanish, and such other learning and science as the capacities of the several scholars may merit or warrant.

24. The testator does not forbid, but neither recommends, the Greek and Latin.

25. He wishes the scholars to be taught facts and things rather than words and signs.

26. He especially desires that by every proper means a pure attachment to our republican institutions, and to the

sacred rights of conscience, as guaranteed by our happy constitutions, shall be formed and fostered in the minds of the scholars.

27. If any of the orphans become from malconduct unfit companions for the rest, and mild means of reformation prove abortive, they should no longer remain therein.

28. Those orphans who shall merit it, shall remain in the college until they shall respectively arrive at between fourteen and eighteen years of age.

29. They shall then be bound out to suitable occupations, as those of agriculture, navigation, arts, mechanical trades and manufactures, according to the capacities and acquirements of the scholars respectively.

30. In doing this the inclinations of the several scholars, as to the occupation, art or trade to be learned, shall be consulted as far as prudence shall justify.

31. The testator enjoins that if, at the close of any year, the income of the fund devoted to the purposes of the said college shall be more than sufficient for its maintenance during that year, the balance of the said income shall be forthwith invested in good securities, thereafter to be and remain as part of the capital; but in no event shall any part of the said capital be sold, disposed of, or pledged, to meet the current expenses of the said institution, to which the testator devotes the interest, income, and dividends thereof exclusively.

32. The testator enjoins and requires, that no ecclesiastic, missionary, or minister of any sect whatsoever, shall ever hold or exercise any station or duty whatever in the said college; nor shall any such person ever be admitted for any purpose, or as a visitor, within the premises appropriated to the purposes of the college.

33. It is the testator's desire that all the instructors and teachers in the college shall take pains to instil into the minds of the scholars the purest principles of morality, so that, on their entrance into active life, they may from inclination and habit evince benevolence toward their fellow-creatures, and a love of truth, sobriety, and industry, adopting at the same.

time such religious tenets as their matured reason may enable them to prefer.

34. If application is made, as many orphans as can be maintained and instructed within as many buildings as the square of ground (designated and described in the will) shall be adequate to, shall be received, and additional funds shall be furnished by the final residuary fund expressly referred to in the will.

35. It is the design of the testator that the benefits of said institution shall be extended to as great a number of orphans as the limits of the said square and buildings therein can accommodate.

I have been obliged to mention here a provision of Mr. Girard's, which, I apprehend, has caused considerable anxiety in our community, and nevertheless is clear, implicit, and unconditional; I may, therefore, be permitted to interrupt, for a moment, the regular course of my introduction, in order to face at once this direction of the testator, which, if not properly understood, may have the tendency to render the whole college unpopular, however sound the scientific instruction which it will offer to the fatherless, or however thorough the discipline maintained in it may be.

Let us then ask at once, what can Mr. Girard have meant by the provision, given above, under number 32, and which excludes every ecclesiastic not only from any chair or station whatever in the college, but even prohibits their entry as visitors into the precincts of that institution? Had he the intention, as I believe some fear, to exclude, with the ecclesiastics and ministers, also religious education? He says distinctly, that "pains shall be taken to instil into the minds of the scholars the purest principles of morality," and even underlines these words in his will; at least thus I understand their being printed in italics in the copy before me. But who instils the purest principles of morality into the tender minds of youth without founding them on religious principles and without cultivating at the same time religion in their hearts? Is there a teacher who pretends to be able to do so? I know

of none. We might, with equal justice, suppose Mr. Girard to have believed that "practical," or, as it is more frequently called, applied or mixed mathematics, might be taught without previous instruction in pure mathematics, because he does not especially mention the latter among the sciences which he wishes to be taught in the college. Can we ascribe an absurdity to him? He knew perfectly well that morals cannot be taught to youth without founding them upon man's relation to God-without religion. If we grant certain principles and fundamental truths, which can be conceived by religion alone, we may build upon them a logical system of ethics without farther assistance of religion, but we could not teach such a system to children; besides, there is a vast difference between teaching an ethical system like a science, which in its sphere has its great value, and "instilling the purest principles of morality into the tender minds of youth," so that "from inclination and habit they will evince benevolence towards their fellow-creatures, and a love of truth, sobriety, and industry." They shall love their fellow-creatures from inclination, and what shall incline their hearts to do so? how do fellow-creatures in the surest way evince benevolence towards each other? By considering themselves, what Mr. Girard calls us, fellow-creatures, which is, with other words, beings created by one common Creator, and by looking upon him and his great attributes. A time has existed when a Helvetius and other philosophers strove to found all morality on interest, to explain all virtue by egotism. The time has past, and should we suppose that Mr. Girard had this heart-chilling theory in view in the very moment when he provides for poor orphans, and when he uses an expression like that of "instilling the purest principles of morals," of which he well knew that no member of that society in which he lived, and to whom he intrusted the execution of his dearest project, would understand it thus? It is true the memory of Helvetius was cherished by him; he called a vessel after that distinguished writer, whose works, if we are justly informed, were found among the books constituting the small library