industry a Chinese holds the contract for the work done, employing his countrymen mainly for the more skilled work, while the Japanese, under a Japanese boss, are given the work demanding less skill. In this industry the Chinese secure considerably higher wages than the Japanese; but in some cases, on account of the race feeling against Orientals, the companies refuse to employ any of them and now are using the European immigrants of the later immigration-Italians, Greeks and Portuguese. RAILROADS In railway work only a few Chinese are now employed, altho earlier many were in that industry as section hands; and in other occupations, they have now been largely replaced by Japanese, Mexicans and others. AGRICULTURE The Chinese formerly took a very active part in the growing of sugar beets. Of late they have been underbid and displaced by the Japanese, who are apparently more progressive and quicker. In the hop industry, in the same way, they have been underbid by the Japanese, who, in many cases, are fully as careful, possibly more rapid workers, and who also have a similar organization by which they can be engaged through one boss, a method which makes it very easy to deal with them. On the other hand, generally speaking, they are not so trustworthy as are the Chinese, so that where the option is given, the employer prefers a Chinese, even tho at somewhat higher wages. In a good many localities the Chinese are still able to lease orchards, and where they can do so, or even where they are not themselves leaseholders, they are employed on many of the older ranches. In this industry, too, the Japanese have been gradually replac-{ ing the Chinese. In many of the small towns in California and the other Western States, the Chinese are engaged in laundry work, in small merchandizing, and in conducting gambling houses. Formerly they were generally employed in domestic service. At the present time those employed in that capacity are mostly highpriced cooks in private families, in hotels and saloons. Inasmuch as they are so trustworthy, and, on the whole, skilful, and as their numbers are becoming fewer with the passing years, they doubtless, in many cases, receive wages much higher than the normal. On the whole, the Chinese are becoming steadily a less important factor in industry than formerly, both on account of their decreasing numbers, and because it seems impossible for them to compete in many instances with the more aggressive Japanese. The Japanese NUMBER Before the year 1898 the number of Japanese immigrating to the continent of the United States was not large, it never having reached 2,000 in any one year. In 1900 the total number in the United States, excluding Alaska, was given in the census as 24,326. During the following years, however, the number of those arriving from Japan, Mexico and Canada in creased very rapidly, 4,319 coming in 1905; in 190708, 9,544; altho, by exception, in the year 1900, as many as 12,626 came. In 1910, according to the census, the total number of Japanese in the United States was 72,157, slightly more than that of the Chinese. The number varies considerably in localities in the different seasons, as many of them move from place to place to engage in the various kinds of industries. Probably more than half of the entire number of Japanese are permanently located in California; 16,000 or more in Washington; after that, the largest numbers are found in Colorado and Oregon. PICTURE BRIDES: PROXY MARRIAGES Among these Japanese, perhaps 7,000 are adult females, married women in most instances, altho a considerable number are known to have been imported for immoral purposes. Many of the married women come as so-called "picture brides," that is, to join men with whom the marriage arrangements have been made through their parents, they never having seen each other and having become acquainted only by photographs or pictures. They are married first by proxy, in accordance with Japanese customs in their own country, and then are married on their arrival in this country in accordance with the American law. ATTITUDE OF GOVERNMENTS Until within a late period, say about ten years, the Japanese came without any special objection on the part of their home government or of that of the United States. As it was apparently profitable, immigration companies were organized among the Japanese to facilitate their coming; and had some ac tive efforts not been put forth by the United States Government, they would soon have been coming in much larger numbers. Since the year 1905, however, there has been an insistent demand in the western States, particularly in California, for the exclusion of Japanese. It is urged that the Japanese (many of whom are adults) should be separated from white children in the public schools, and, as is well known, in many instances there have been manifestations of an anti-Japanese sentiment, a number of anti-Japanese measures even having been introduced into the State legislature in 1906 and 1907. Moreover, the Japanese Government itself did not care to encourage the emigration of its citizens to the United States. In consequence, it was comparatively easy for the United States Government to make an arrangement, in 1907, whereby thereafter the Japanese Government should issue passports only to such members of the laboring class as had been residents in this country and were returning here, or were parents, wives, or children of residents of this country, or had already secured a right to agricultural land. The granting of passports to the non-laborers, that is to travelers, merchants, students, and others, remained as before. The immigration law of the United States was so amended as to give the President authority to exclude a race entering the continent of the United States from any country, to the "detriment of labor conditions." The President, under an order of March 14, 1907, denied admission to "Japanese and Korean laborers, skilled or unskilled, who have received passports to go to Mexico, Canada, Hawaii, and come therefrom" to the continental territory of the United States. As is explained in another connection (p. 351), the passing of laws by California and Arizona which practically forbid Orientals to hold land in those States, has aroused to action the Japanese Government, and now (October, 1913) the question is under diplomatic negotiation between the two govern ments. CANADA AND JAPAN In 1908 an agreement was reached between Japan and Canada by which the number of passports to be granted in any one year to Japanese emigrating to Canada was limited to 400, and the Japanese Government has also stopt the practise of the emigration companies, of sending contract laborers to Mexico. In these ways, also, the immigration of Japanese into the United States has been checked, inasmuch as rather large numbers who have come to Mexico and Canada were in the habit of coming either openly or secretly from both countries into the United States. Since the year 1909 the total number of Japanese is, on the whole, decreasing in this country, more emigrating than are immigrating. Especially is this true of the laboring classes. OCCUPATION The great majority of the Japanese immigrants were doubtless at home small farmers or agricultural laborers. Most of them, when leaving home, were young men under twenty-five. In this country the great majority have been employed in unskilled construction work on railroads, and elsewhere as agricultural laborers, cannery hands, lumber-mill and loggingcamp laborers. At times they engage in domestic |