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In 1904, when the first Bulgarians appeared in immigrant population was approximately as foll

Polish.
Slovak

Servian.

Greek.

Race.

Croatian.

Magyar..

About 200 Italians worked in the car shops, bu commuting each day to and from a neighborin Italian colony, their employers supplying them wit

In the years 1904 and 1905 began the swarmi to the community. The Bulgarian immigratio the head of one of the three Bulgarian merc Bulgarian came to the United States in 1903 and at railroad construction in eastern and southern time he learned English rapidly and became a ga fall of 1904 he came to St. Louis, with considerab to winter there. At that time it happened that rection in his native province, Monastir, was b Turks. Early in the winter he heard that a nur men, refugees from home, had arrived at Dayt there on a visit and persuaded 47 men to return w and, on finding that cheaper lodgings could be towns, they moved to Community E. They wer Although by no means penniless, they looked a future banker who had brought them acting a Employment was soon found for 16 men. Then of the party an agent from one of the local stee to employ as many men as the leader could fin was made during the winter, and already more devastated villages in Monastir were arriving. T to them, and they came and were all employed. the refugees in Bulgaria, that country being the them that they could find no work there. Before over 900 had arrived and found employment. garian baker in St. Louis had removed his bakery and opened, besides, a saloon and money exchan to his countrymen, and perhaps advanced many of of travel at a lucrative rate of interest.

Living quarters in the town proper soon becan March, 1905, a group of Bulgarians rented the been previously occupied by English-speaking rac located near the mills a short distance from to became known as "Hungary Hollow," and appar speaking people did not like their new neighbors garians had possession of all the houses. By th there were fully 1,500 Bulgarians in Hungary Holl In the winter of 1905 the Bulgarian who had s

any at $50,000. They opened a general store and erected a ng costing $5,100, paying $1,000 down and $100 per month. e two upper floors they lodged their countrymen; below they ished a general store, bakery, saloon, and butcher shop, in on to the inevitable bank. Business prospered, and by the ing spring they erected another brick building of 26 rooms. also bought four cottages for use in connection with their lodging ess. In the meantime another Bulgarian company built one t and one frame building. About the same time still another arian came direct from Macedonia with capital of his own, which d withdrawn from a business he had sold at home, and built er large brick structure, in which he established a general store ank. Another commercial company, backed by Macedonians, a large frame house and bought or built ten frame cottages, ng a grocery store and a saloon. These companies established selves in Hungary Hollow, but the same commercial enterprise fested itself in the town proper.

e two large Bulgarian mercantile houses began business, one ing with a capital of $130,000. They built their lodging houses uropean plans, so that parts of the Bulgarian quarter present the arance of a prosperous town in European Turkey, the houses brick and cement stuccoed, with broad, open, front windows. ncreasing Bulgarian immigration seemed to warrant this remarkbusiness activity. In the autumn of 1907 it reached its highr mark. At that time there were 8,000 Bulgarians in the comty.

e first to feel the influence of the new arrivals were the Englishking races. The unskilled among them disappeared gradually; the negroes along the Levee evacuated their homes in favor of Bulgarians. Finally the English-speaking employees remained in the skilled departments of the industrial establishments, g in substantial and well-kept cottages in the best parts of the proper. The early immigrant races also dwindled in numbers, this is probably due more to the recent industrial depression than he influx of Bulgarians. In 1906 they numbered about the same 1904. In the year 1909 they were estimated to be as follows:

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The Magyars, as is evident, have increased since their arrival. Armenians appeared in the community at about the same time the Bulgarians. None of these races may be classed as direct nigrants. Most of those who have left the community have urned to St. Louis, whence they came. Some of the races entered

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THE INDUSTRIAL DEPRESSION AND THE EXO

The panic of the autumn of 1907 did not aff until the following spring. By that time, howev to close, and then followed distress among the Thousands were fed by the commercial houses banking house could pay its depositors some of th others were obliged to suspend payment for the t tors only bread. Even the municipality donated flour, and the American saloon keepers and merchan The Bulgarians suffered most, for they were the

In the summer of 1908 a few men were able to g roads, and this relieved the situation to some exter returned in the autumn, but by that time the mills men, and by taking turns at the work, helping each on their bank accounts, the winter passed better The following figures, furnished by the leading i house, shows the effect of the business depressio condition of the Bulgarians in Community E. warded remittances from Bulgarian immigrants abroad in 1906, $14,000; 1907, $150,000; 1908, $ in 1909 sent on an average $100 a week. During have received $4,000 from abroad in remittanc here.

The spring of 1909 threatened a return to the previous year, especially as most of the immigr their savings. In the month of May, 1909, how demand for laborers on railroad-construction work i Minnesota, and Montana. There was a general This had occurred the previous year, but to a lesse is a national and a sacred holiday among the Bul St. Methodius and St. Cyril. At this celebratio attended in Community E, marching in parade. 1909 less than 100 were present. By the end of M 400 Bulgarians in the town proper, and only 300 in Almost every house, formerly so crowded, was en previous summer the Bulgarian population never although this was a decrease from what had for During the winter it increased again to about 4 none of the other races have been affected. The one of the largest mercantile establishments in th be cited to illustrate these statements. The Bul different from the ordinary American product, bak their own race. The bakery conducted by the me bread during the designated periods of the years 190

verage monthly receipts from the general store of the same y during the same period was as follows:

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decrease would be more noticeable except for the fact that the y established a trade among the Magyars during the last year I, while in previous years its business had been exclusively e Bulgarians.

THE BULGARIANS AT HOME.

e Bulgarian immigrants, not only in Community E but in the country, it may be estimated with a fair degree of accuracy out 90 per cent are from Macedonia. Of the Macedonian Bulpractically all are from Monastir, in southwestern Macethe center of revolutionary disturbances for the past fifteen Practically none of the Macedonian immigrants in Commuare from outside that zone. Moreover, it may be estimated lly 75 per cent of the Macedonian Bulgar immigrants are ne small district in southern Monastir, known to Europeans Greek name Castoria, though locally known as Kostur. The is wholly mountainous, and fit for agriculture only on the lateaus among the high, rugged ridges, where grapes, grain, bacco are grown in limited quantities. Sheep raising is one important occupations.

pite of the unfavorable environment of Castoria, however, the are more prosperous than in any other part of southern MaceSome of the villages have, or had before the insurrection of the appearance of small cities, the houses being substantially f stone, almost all being two stories high. The people are also enlightened, for the reason that almost all the male adults are masons, who spend part of each year abroad, in Greece, Bulor Roumania, working at their trade. In all the Balkan counhe masons from Castoria are considered the best, and are always and. They are usually at home during the harvest months, the women and children in the fields.

ially the Castorians are slightly different from other MaceBulgarians. In appearance they are darker; nearer, possibly, original Bulgarian stock, their mountainous regions having prothem to some extent from infusion with the later-coming although their language is Slavic. In Bulgaria, where the lonian immigration has been heavy, the Castorians are considhe shrewdest and the most pugnacious. Many have there sucdin commercial enterprises, and they fill many lucrative govent posts. The same is to be observed in Community E; they e successful bankers, merchants, and saloon keepers.

peasant has usually owned his land, always en own wants. The grapes and tobacco are unusu mand high prices, while the absence of a Mussel rendered Albanian brigandage less common the lands. The earnings of the men abroad as maso property taxation, while their sheep in the mou kept from the eyes of the assessors.

When revolutionary agitation began in Macedo the Castorians were the first to respond. They league, which spread over other parts of Mac remained strongest in Castoria, financially and nu an insurrection was declared, and the fiercest fis Castoria. Every one of the stone villages wa demolished by Turkish cannon. With the crush thousands of refugees fled to Greece and Bulgaria

A few refugees had gone to America directly af Their letters of encouragement drew on the rest that in other districts the revolutionary leaders tion, but in Castoria the local chiefs encouraged it, sent back substantial contributions to the revoluti they considered money more important than men Almost whole villages were depopulated. In on of 400 houses-almost 250 houses were empty America. The women were left under the care a men that remained. The men from this village remaining in America. America had simply been closed field of labor in other countries, but on ac sive journey the stay abroad must necessarily be Bulgarians from other parts of Monastir are usu turists, but their reasons for emigration are simi Castorians, though more from Turkish than Greek

Of the Bulgarians from this principality a vas the district about Turnova, the ancient capita Empire. They are almost purely Slavs. The di overpopulated, and emigration began across the mania, where most of the Bulgarians succeeded as gardeners. In Roumania they first came in con nian refugees, and were by them led off to Amer any special internal impulse. They are much in donians in enterprise, though better schooled education is compulsory, while in Castoria no s except in a language foreign to the population. established, however, which accounts for the litera Castorians.

PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF GRANT HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The table following shows, by race of individual foreign-born persons in the households of the Bulga who have been in the United States each specified and substantiates the racial movements to the con these races are concerned. as outlined above.

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