TABLE 705.-Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual-Continued.

The above table reports 1,804 males and females 20 years of age or over in the households studied, of whom 22.6 per cent are single and 2.4 per cent are widowed. A considerably greater percentage of native-born negroes of native father are married than is the case with either the total native-born of foreign father or the total foreign-born. Of the foreign-born races the Greeks show the largest proportion of single persons and the smallest proportion of married, while the Slovaks show just the reverse. The Slovaks also have more in a widowed condition than has any other race.

Out of 817 persons between 20 and 29 years of age, 43.7 per cent are single, 55.7 per cent married, and less than 1 per cent widowed. Here the negroes show a greater percentage married than do cither the native-born of foreign father or the foreign-born. Among those of foreign birth the Slovaks have the lowest number of single persons and the highest number of married, while with the Greeks the opposite is the rule. Of the persons between 30 and 44 years of age 91.6 per cent are married and 1.4 per cent are widowed. The Slovaks have none single, 93.4 per cent being married and 6.6 per cent widowed; the latter figure is higher than that of any other race. Among those married the French occupy first place, while the Macedonians, Bulgarians, South Italians, and Slovaks follow closely in the order named, each with more than 90 per cent married. In the group of those 45 years of age or over less than 1 per cent are single, and 9.9 per cent are widowed. Only one foreign-born race, the Bulgarian, reports any single persons in this age group. The Slovaks, with over 18 per cent widowed, show the highest figure in that respect.

Throughout this table the females show a greater percentage married than do the males. Of 224 females between 20 and 29 years of age, 8.5 per cent are single and 1.3 per cent widowed.

Although a large proportion of the iron and steel workers of foreign birth are married, it should be noted that a large proportion have left their wives and families in their native countries. The following table shows, by race of husband, the per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the United States and per cent who report wife abroad:

TABLE 706.-Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the United States and per cent who report wife abroad, by race of husband.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more husbands reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign born.]

Of the 586 husbands for whom information was secured, 52 per cent report their wives in the United States and 48 per cent report their wives abroad. Among the races specifically mentioned, it will be noted from the above table that a smaller proportion of each report their wives in the United States than report them abroad. A very much larger proportion of the South Italians than of the Greeks or Bulgarians report their wives in the United States. Of the Bulgarians furnishing information 97.6 per cent have their wives abroad, in contrast with 52.8 per cent of the South Italians.

The tendency on the part of husbands of foreign birth to bring their wives to the United States after designated periods of residence is set forth in the following table, which shows the per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife abroad by years husband has been in the United States.

TABLE 707.-Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife abroad, by race of husband and by years husband has been in the United States.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 100 or more husbands reporting.]

Of the 248 South Italians in the Birmingham district for whom information was obtained 52.8 per cent report their wives abroad. It will be seen from the preceding table that a very small proportion of those who have been in the United States from five to nine years and ten years or over, as compared with those who have been in the United States under five years, report their wives abroad.

VISITS ABROAD.

The fact that such large proportions of southern and eastern European immigrants are single men or married men whose wives are abroad discourages permanent settlement in this country, and enables the immigrant employees to move readily from place to place according to fluctuations in the demand for labor. Considerable proportions also make visits of different periods of duration to their native countries. This fact may be seen from the following table, which shows, by years in the United States and race of individual, the visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees:

TABLE 708.-Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of a total of 981 persons included in the above table the total proportion reporting one or more visits abroad is 8.5 per cent. Of those resident in the United States ten years or more, the proportion reporting visits abroad is 29.3 per cent. A very small percentage report visits abroad among those residing in the United States under five years, while among those five to nine years in the country the proportion is 18.5 per cent. The total percentage is greater among the South Italians than among the Greeks, and the South Italians also lead among those residing in the United States under five years. Of those here five to nine years, and ten years or over, the South Italians report 7.7 per cent and 13.3 per cent, respectively, as having made visits abroad.

AGE CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSE

HOLDS.

The table next presented shows, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household, the per cent of persons in the Birmingham district who were within each specified age group:

TABLE 709.-Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity and

race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

From the data presented in the preceding table it appears that a much larger proportion of all males than of all females are included in the higher age groups. Only 35.2 per cent of the males for whom information was secured are under 20 years of age, as against 53.7 per cent of the females. Of the females a larger proportion of individuals in foreign-born households than of individuals in the households of the negroes native-born of native father are included in the lower age groups, while the reverse is true in the higher age groups. The proportion of males under 6 and from 20 to 29 years of age is larger in the foreign-born households than in the households of the negroes native-born of native father. In all the other age groups specified the proportion of males in the households of the negroes native-born of native father is larger than the proportion in the households of foreign-born heads. Among the foreign-born a larger proportion of males in Greek and Bulgarian households than of males in the households of any other race are from 20 to 29 years of age. The proportion of females under 20 years of age is larger in Slovak, Scotch, and South Italian households than in the households of any other race.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of employee, the percentage of male employees in the households. studied who were within each specified age group:

TABLE 710.-Per cent of male employees within each age group, by general nativity and

race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of the male employees who were native whites born of native father, for whom information was secured in this locality, one-tenth of 1 per cent are under 14 years of age; of all employees reporting 7.8 per cent are from 14 to 19, 22.9 per cent are from 20 to 24, 22.7 per cent are from 25 to 29, 13.9 per cent are from 30 to 34, per

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