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a Not computed, owing to small number in b Not including 1 household not reporting 1

As shown by this table, the average n hold is 2.74, and the average number household is 1.72. The percentage of hou cept one to sleep in is very large, while and only 17.4 per cent reserve two room foreign-born show an average of 2.74 room native-born negroes of native father repor whites of native father a much higher avera hold. The foreign-born exhibit a very hig sleeping in all rooms, while the native-bor show a low proportion.

A comparison of the different races of fore and English households to have a rather rooms per household, while the Greeks re The foreign-born Scotch, English, and Nort born whites of native father, exhibit larger ing rooms per household than do the oth Italians exhibit the lowest. The percentag rooms for sleeping is very large among the A large proportion of households of Slov French and native-born negroes have only sleeping rooms. A very small percentage sleep in all rooms, and they present the lan

CHAPTER VIII.

SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.

Literacy Conjugal condition-Visits abroad-Age classification of employees and members of their households-Criminality-[Text Tables 699 to 710 and General Tables 406 to 415].

LITERACY.

The immigrant iron and steel workers in the Birmingham district exhibit characteristics which are significant from the standpoint of industrial progress and efficiency, and which are also important in considering the general bearing of immigration upon American life and institutions. One of the facts of interest in connection with the population of recent immigrants is the high degree of illiteracy which prevails. The following table shows, by general nativity and race, the per cent of male iron and steel workers who are able to read and the per cent who are able to both read and write:

TABLE 699.-Per cent of male employees who read and per cent who read and write, by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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Of the 5,424 male employees in this locality included in the preceding table, 80 per cent read and 78.8 per cent read and write. The native-born whites show 98.6 per cent of their number who read, as

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a Not computed, owing to small nu

The above table brings out the degrees 2,287 individuals in the households stud or over. Of this number 65 per cent can read and write, the proportions for male than those for females. Foreign-born per ages for the total and for both sexes, while father, the second generation of immigra average, and also show a greater degree of than among the males. Among the Bulgarians, and French exhibit the highe entirely literate and those partially so. the South Italians, their percentages for 1 to those of the North Italians. The figu that a considerable degree of 11:4

The relation between literacy and period of residence is set forth in the following table, which shows, by years in the United States and race of individual, the per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and the per cent who read and write:

TABLE 701.-Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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The persons reporting show that ability to read and write is most general among those who have been in the United States ten years or over. However, the proportion who are literate among those who have been here from five to nine years is smaller than the proportion among those who have been here under five years. Among the specified races there is apparently little connection between length of residence and ability to read and write. For example, the largest proportion of French who are literate are in the under-five groups, but the largest proportion of the South Italians who are literate are those who have been in the United States ten years or over. The largest proportion of North Italians who are literate are in the five to nine year groups. The North Italians are exceptional in that a relatively small proportion of their number are able to read and write among those who have been in the United States ten years or over, and that a relatively high proportion of those in the other periods of residence are so able.

The greater adaptability and progress manifested by the younger as compared with the older immigrants is exhibited in the table next presented, which shows, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual, the per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years to age or over who read, and the per cent who read and write.

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Of the persons represented in the United States when under 14 years o and 73.2 per cent can both read and w of those who came here when 14 or ov 58.6 per cent can both read and write. who came to the United States under to read, as well as the percentage wh write, is largest among the Scotch, Fre mentioned, and smallest among the S tion of individuals who came to this c can read ranges from 98.2 per cent for the Bulgarians, and 83.1 per cent for for the Poles, and only 34 per cent f proportion of individuals who can both race, the same as, or but slightly small can read. It will be noted that the prop much higher in the case of the person States when under 14 years of age than i here when 14 or over. The races of Britain and northern Europe, so far as percentage of literates than have the rac

CONJUGAL CONDIT

The table next presented shows, by g individual, the percentage of male emplo in each conjugal condition.

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