divorce by mutual consent or agreement of the parties, any more than that there should be compulsory marriage. One being asked, of old, why he put away his wife for no visible cause, exhibited his shoe, remarked upon its apparent good fit, and yet, he said, those who inquired did not know where it wrung him, much less could they discern the private differences in his home. So it always was, and always should be."

Inasmuch as the "lecturess" also scouted "the presence of any priest " in forming the union, and of any "religious element brought to bear on womankind which should weigh to maintain the subserviency,” we wish simply to say that if any young woman should privately volunteer to us the sentiment which this gray-haired woman uttered publicly, we should certainly think it safer, both for our reputation and our morals, to seek other company. And we apprehend that those wives who do not take marriage in this old-shoe style, might prefer not to have such a female round loose in their homes. The marriage-and-divorce theory of Potiphar's wife excelled this in terseness, but scarcely in significance.

We will add one other remark. We still have an old-fashioned prejudice against hearing a woman talk with entire abandon on certain delicate subjects which even our man's modesty shrinks from parading before promiscuous audiences. On this occasion the speaker seems to have gone no further than to deal, in passing, with "mistresses," "seduction, rape, infanticide," "prostitution," and "the act against contagious diseases." Those discussions on the paternity of offspring, in which these "lecturesses" sometimes pleasingly indulge, were not forthcoming. We are grateful for a little. For if there be any one source of injury to the public morals more directly and widely poisonous than the yellow-covered literature, it may be found in the daring style with which some public women have broken over all the barriers of a decent reserve and blunted the sense of delicacy in society, dragging before the promiscuous public the grosser aspects of sex. We could easily prove our words, but we should defile our pages.

Before quitting this disagreeable subject, we will add that as these reformers have their lawgivers, so they have had their prophets. It is now two years since, in the full tide of two "Women's Conventions" at Chicago, one of the organs and champions of the cause indulged in the following announcement (The Chicagoan, Feb. 20, 1869):

We hereby warn all who are favorably inclined to 'woman suffrage,' that in its granting the knife is placed at the throat of the present legal marriage system. Those who would preserve this system inviolate, as the keystone of the arch of social safety, should understand this."

The prophets are making all haste to fulfill their own prophecy. While we deeply regret the sufferings and sorrows that, even under a Divinely instituted system, human sin has laid so heavily and often so unequally on woman, it is a sad and hopeless crusade which thinks to remove that woe by abrogating God's own institutions and trampling on God's own remedy. It is a dreary shallowness that thinks to remedy the inner rottenness of humanity, by putting a piece of paper into a woman's hands instead of puting Christ's Spirit into men's and women's hearts. Let a married couple but carry out Paul's sublime conception of a true marriage (Eph. v., 22–31),

and those two persons will be just as happy as it is possible for them to be on earth. Witness such Christian couples as through a long life have never had one unkind word. But marry those who are brimful of selfishness, and you may as well tie together cat and dog. There is but one effective remedy.

UNEXPECTED TESTIMONY.-When the "special course at Chicago Seminary was devised, Prof. Park, of Andover, expressed grave doubts of it. A few years later he took ground that if men not thoroughly educated were to be introduced to the ministry, it must be through a partial course in the established Seminaries; and requested a contributor to the Bibliotheca Sacra to point out any error detected in his views. In the last number of that Quarterly is an article which shows that the astute Andover theologian has made another step of advance. He says of New England, even, let "every church in this garden of ministers be supplied with a well-trained pastor, if it can be; but until this can be, let two or three of these churches unite under one well-trained pastor, who shall divide his ministrations between the two or three, and let him be aided in his double or treble charge by men educated to be helpers of the ministry. They need not enter the clerical office, but may remain lay assistants of the clergyman. There are instructors of youth, there are merchants and clerks, there are machinists and other mechanics who can pursue biblical study long enough to preside over Sabbath-schools and Bible classes and religious conferences, and may bring forward 'bread and honey' on a 'wooden trencher' in the morning, while the pastor brings forward the strong meat' on a 'lordly dish' in the afternoon.

"We can not provide clergymen thoroughly trained for so large a multitude (as the population of this country). We must, then, provide assistants of clergymen, and train them for rendering such help as laymen can fitly render. We must also provide a class of ministers who are but partially educated in theology.

"The truth is, we need, and must have, pastors more learned than we ever had; for we have to encounter more cunning forms of skepticism than our fathers ever knew. But we also need, and must have, a larger number of pastors than can receive a symmetrical culture; for we have large communities demanding, first of all, a good heart, ready speech, quick action. Let us have as large a variety of pastors, some educated, some instructed, as the variety of our social classes demands.

"There are many American churches that demand as ripe a learning in the ministry as is needed any where; but still we have large communities which must have less learned pastors, or none at all. The cry has come of a sudden: 'The Philistines be upon us.' We can not wait for the symmetrical culture of all our ministers. Not every captain need be fitted to be a general; not every corporal need be fitted to be a captain."

We remember when these views were radical and ultra views; when the friends and earnest helpers of Chicago Seminary who advanced them were looked upon as advancing too much and too far; when it was suggested that

if they were carried out our prescriptive learned Congregational ministry would be abandoned. But that day is gone by. The extreme view has become a just and moderate, a safe and conservative view. The churches are coming to see that the salvation of their future is in the policy once feared at Andover, but now welcomed, - advocated in the Bibliotheca, put into practice in the Smith professorship and the partial course The fact is, New England itself can not be supplied, now, with one uniform style of ministerial preparation, as the founders of Andover contemplated, but must have "a great variety”—to use Rev. Edwards' phrase, -- or be largely unevangelized forever.

THAT MOVEMENT WESTWARD.-We are all looking with solicitude for the effect upon the receipts of the A. B. C. F. M. of the Presbyterian withdrawal. A month or two, or even a whole year will not be decisive. Heretofore when the income of the Board has reached a certain point it was by no means sure that it would continue to do so. High-water mark above any mark of former years has been no proof of a law of the tide. Only the most vigorous and even extreme effort has brought the contributions up to that advanced figure again. The withdrawal now occurs at a time when New England,- so largely the purse as well as the brain of the country, has become depleted and enfeebled, comparatively. It is not to be expected that her churches will advance in the future upon the munificent and generous gifts of the past, for any of our great societies. Therefore we argued earnestly, in the first number of this REVIEW, published in the center of the land, for a General Movement Westward. It is all our hope for tiding the American Board over this emergency. It will prove itself, likewise, to be all our hope of making the American Home Missionary Society adequate to the work God has given it to do.

New Hampshire is an example of the relative falling off of Eastern States and churches, which is now inevitable, and which we must manfully face and wisely provide for. The last census shows an absolute loss of 8,102. "Up to 1860," says Rev. Mr. Tucker, of Manchester, in a published sermon, แ every census taken for over a century shows a healthy growth, the per cent. of gain in every case being larger than that of loss in the present case." In the New Hampshire churches, "the statistics up to 1860 show a gain in membership, since then a loss of one-twentieth." "In some towns the churches are virtually extinct; in others supported only by aid; in the majority self-supporting and a little more; and in a few a surplus of strength." "As many as twenty-five or thirty districts, some of them within towns, but more covering a wider territory, where there are no religious institutions worthy the name." Besides the decrease of population, the comparative increase of Catholics in the decreasing aggregate has helped produce this weakening of the churches. "In the last twenty-five years a loss of nearly 40,000 in the native population."

When the recent United States census becomes available for comparison, we shall pursue this subject further, and point the duty of the growing States that lie between "Byrum River" and the Pacific to the American

Board and other benevolent agencies. Meantime it will not be wise for us who live Westward to boast exuberantly of our growth in population, wealth, number of churches, membership, houses of worship, appliances of comfort, attractiveness, advantages for material and moral prosperity, progressive spirit, and wisdom and power in shaping the future, unless we are also willing to assume the natural responsibilities of all these things, and come up to the help of the Lord" in making up New England's prospective "lack of service." The dear old hive can neither furnish swarms or honey in days to come as it has done in days past. Is the older and stronger portion of "the West" ready to do its full and indispensable proportion?

"REGENERATE" BY BAPTISM. -The noted case of Rev. C. E. Cheney, of Chicago, suspended by Bishop Whitehouse, and yet continuing his ministrations by unanimous vote of his Vestry, has helped settle several points: (1.) That the civil court of Illinois declines to interfere with the due course of ecclesiastical discipline. The Supreme Court of Illinois also declined entertaining the question of the rightful organization and juris iction of the ecclesiastical court- three members of the bench dissenting. The dissenting members render strong reasons. (2) That the rector of an Episcopal church can not, when he would, decline promulgating the doctrine of baptismal regeneration. The wonder is that any man should think he could. (3.) That in an Episcopal court, a rector (according to the statement of his Vestry), when opposed by his Bishop, has very little chance of success, or even of fair trial. (4.) That in the endeavor to put down a faithful and beloved pastor in his own parish, the Bishop has very little chance against his rector. (5.) That the effective remedy for the oppression of the Episcopal system, in the deliberate judgment of the rector and his Vestry, is to "appeal to the final Judge of all," and fall back upon their Scriptural rights and independence of human authority. (6.) That an English Bishop, like an Irish priest, may mistake the temper of American citizens.

It remains to be seen whether any general result will come of this affair. We happen to know that there is a wide spread uneasiness and dissatistac· tion among ministers and laymen of the Episcopal church, which this flagrant case of enforcing heresy has deepened. Nine Bishops of the Episcopal church have even signed a declaration adverse to the enforcement of the baptismal phraseology. But whether anything will come of it, even the rectifying of this one abuse, is a question—their question, not ours.

; page 20, line

ERRATA. Certain important corrections of proof failed to be made in the January number, Errata are humiliating, but permanent nonsense is more so. In addition to certain obvious errors in orthography, the following require notice: On page 16, line 11, for "principles of" read "principles by"; line 17, for "complete" read completer"; line 18, for insurmountable," "instrumental "; page 17, line 23, for "praise," "stir"; line 24, for "have found," found"; page 18, line 3, for darling," "dazzling"; line 36, for "critics," "criticism"; page 19, line 18, for "practical," "additional"; 21, for " "indispensable," ," "insurmountable"; page 21, line 9, for "service," "the service"; for "concerts," ""correct"; page 22, line 12, for "one," "for one"; page 65, line 17, for "seventh,' "twelfth"; page 65, line 16, for "the," " a; page 66, line for mighty," "weighty"; line 22, for "Bleck," "Bleek"; page 69, line 16, for retracted," "receded"; page 70, line 3, for "admits," "writes"; page 87, line 33, for "Austic," "Austie"; last line, for "tartaric," "tannic"; page 96, line 42, for "John's," "Jahn's' page 88, line 7, for "time," "line"; page 97, for "Kiel," "Keil"; for "French's," Trench's"; for "Butter's," "Butler's"; for "at large," as large"; page 98, line 39, for "laws," "lovers"; last line, for "into," "unto."

line 24,

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3

THE

CONGREGATIONAL REVIEW,

VOL. XI.-MAY, 1871.- No. 59.

ARTICLE I.

THE PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK.

The first German scholar who wrote and published a Greek grammar was John Reuchlin, the friend and teacher of his still more illustrious relative, Philip Melancthon. Reuchlin, better known by his Greek name Capnio, was born but two years after the fall of the Byzantine empire in 1453. He studied Greek under Byzantine teachers, whose very names are redolent of their origin, Hermonymus of Sparta at the University of Paris, and Andronicus at Basle. He had heard Argyropoulus lecture in Italy. He naturally adopted the modern Greek pronunciation of his instructors, and has given his name to one of the two methods of pronouncing Greek which have divided the scholars of Germany for three centuries- the Reuchlinian or Modern Greek method.

The questionable features of this system could hardly escape the acuteness of Erasmus of Rotterdam, twelve years younger than Reuchlin, but greatly his superior in genius and learning. That mode of pronunciation which assigns to each Greek vowel, consonant, and diphthong its German sound, had its