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per diem, housing and family assistance, and other contingencies including travel within the country. In the category of exchange with a duration of stay of more than 6 months, according to the director of the program, in 1990 27 Japanese went to the United States and 13 U.S. scientists came to Japan.

International Joint Research Grant Program. This was established in 1988 to promote creative research and to contribute to the advancement of international exchange in the field of industrial technology. Under this program grants up to ¥30M per year are awarded to international joint research teams that fulfill the following conditions:

(1) Each team must consist of four or more researchers.

(2) Each team must consist of researchers of two or more nationalities.

(3) The research organizations where

the researchers' major activities take place must be located in two or more countries.

The grant duration is for 3 years. The fields of research suggested are: investigation and elucidation of material functions and practical use of material functions. In 1991, 59 teams consisting of 299 participants of various nationalities, which included 78 from the United States, applied. Six teams were selected.

organizations of scientific and industrial research abroad. In 1991 there were five such projects, of which one is a ¥90M program with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Science and Technology Agency

The STA Fellowships Program was established in 1988 to offer opportunities to young foreign researchers to conduct research at Japan's national laboratories and public research corporations (excluding universities and university-affiliated institutes). The host institutes include 84 government laboratories, 10 private corporations, and 17 nonprofit institutes. The program is managed by JRDC in cooperation with the Japan International Science and Technology Exchange Center. This program is for researchers who are 35 years old or younger and have a Ph.D. degree or equivalent qualifications. The tenure of the fellowship is from 6 months to 2 years. The field of research is decided through negotiation between the candidate and the host institution. The fellowship provides a round-trip airline ticket; monthly living, family, and settling allowances; local travel expenses; etc. Also, STA pays ¥149,000 per year to the host institution to cover research expenses. In 1991, 180 fellowships were granted. The number may increase in 1992. The National Science Foundation in Tokyo (Dr. L. Weber) is the coordinating agency for applicants from the United States.

Research Training Program. This Monbusho program is only for young Japanese researchers.

International Research Cooperation Program. NEDO also promotes R&D projects supported jointly by Japanese domestic industries in cooperation with

The Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences (JSPS) or Gakushin is a quasi-governmental organization a quasi-governmental organization under the auspices of the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture. JSPS plays a key role in the administration of

various scientific and academic programs of Monbusho. It was established in 1932 as a nonprofit foundation through an endowment granted by Emperor Showa. In recognition of the importance of international cooperation in promoting scientific research, JSPS administers the following programs.

(1) Inviting foreign scientists to Japan, including foreign scientists in general and postdoctoral fellowships for foreign researchers.

(2) International joint research programs and scientific meetings.

(3) Bilateral programs with foreign

academic institutions (currently with 42 institutions in 30 countries). It includes scientist exchange and joint research and seminars.

(4) Cooperative programs with South

east Asia and other countries. In fiscal year 1990 over 1,500 foreign scientists were invited and at the same time 1,700 Japanese scientists were sent to foreign countries.

The program for the foreign scientists in general is designed to enable Japanese scientists to invite foreign colleagues to Japan to participate in cooperative research and other academic activities. There are 240 short (14-90 days) and 40 long term (6-10 months) programs.

Postdoctoral fellowships for foreign scientists are awarded to promising, highly qualified foreign researchers who have obtained a doctoral degree. It is designed to provide opportunities to conduct cooperative research with leading research groups in Japanese universities and research institutions. In 1990 405 fellowships were awarded to postdoctoral researchers from 30 countries; 115 came from the United States.

JSPS provides 143 fellowships to Japanese scientists to conduct joint research with their counterparts in other countries. JSPS also has a number of bilateral programs for scientific cooperation and exchange, under MOUS between itself and various foreign academic institutions. Under this program more than 350 foreign scientists were invited to Japan, and 540 Japanese scientists were sent to various foreign institutions during fiscal year 1990.

Fellowships are available for Japanese postdoctoral researchers for conducting research at foreign institutions for a period of 2 years. In 1990, 118 such fellowships were awarded. Of these 61% went to the United States. Fellowships involving U.S. researchers are coordinated through the National Science Foundation in Tokyo. Table 1 shows the number of JSPS scientists participating in exchange program from 1988-1990.

National Science Foundation (NSF)

to

Like JSPS, NSF also has long term and short term fellowships for U.S. researchers in Japan. NSF is also involved in the bilateral U.S.-Japan seminars, state-of-the art reviews, Japanese language study, and summer institute for graduate students in science and engineering. Four arrangements were initiated in 1988 to increase the number of U.S. researchers who go Japanese laboratories for 6-24 months. With money from the Government of Japan, NSF formed the U.S.-Japan Fellowship Fund to support U.S. researchers at Japanese university, government, and corporate laboratories. An MOU between NSF and AIST established terms under which AIST provides access to its research institutes to 30 U.S. scientists and engineers each year. NSF also serves as

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the nominating agent for young scientists from the United States to award 12-month fellowships to carry out research in Japanese university laboratories. Under a similar program NSF nominates researchers to the Science

and Technology Agency to stay in Japan for 6-24 months at government laboratories. According to Dr. Weber, the NSF chief at the Tokyo Office, since the inception of the JSPS Fellowship Program and the Japan-U.S. Science Fellowship Fund in 1988, the number of Americans sent or selected to go to Japan for 6 to 24 months has reached over 200. There are presently 75-80 Americans conducting research in Japan under the NSF programs. Also, the summer institute brought 25 and 49 American graduate students to Japan for 2 months in 1990 and 1991, respectively. These NSF fellowships for research in Japan are open to all qualified researchers from the United States, including scientists from DOD organizations.

Industry and Technology Management Program

Under a Congressional act, the Industry and Technology Management Program was initiated in 1991 to provide U.S. scientists and engineers with an increased understanding of Japanese technology management methods, training in the Japanese language, and understanding of Japanese business and culture. The program is also expected to promote the participation of DOD scientists in R&D projects at Japanese government and industrial laboratories. Included in the scope of activities is extending fellowships and travel grants to Japanese scientists to visit the United States. The management of this program is assigned to the Air Force Office of Scientific Research.

Iqbal Ahmad is the director of the Army Research Office (ARO) Far East. He has a Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry from Imperial College, London, and is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, London. Prior to his present position, Dr. Ahmad was a program manager in the area of materials science at ARO, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

David K. Kahaner is a senior scientist at the Office of Naval Research Asian Office. He obtained his Ph.D. in applied mathematics from Stevens Institute of Technology in 1968. From 1978 until 1989 Dr. Kahaner was a group leader in the Center for Computing and Applied Mathematics at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, formerly the National Bureau of Standards, responsible for scientific software development on both large and small computers. From 1968 until 1979 he was in the Computing Division at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Dr. Kahaner is the author of two books and more than 50 research papers. He also edits a column on scientific applications of computers for the Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics. His major research interests are in the development of algorithms and associated software. His programs for solution of differential equations, evaluation of integrals, random numbers, and others are used worldwide in many scientific computing laboratorics. Dr. Kahaner's electronic mail address is: kahaner@xroads.cc.u-tokyo.ac.jp.

KOREAN SCIENCE INSTITUTIONS

A high level description of a half dozen Korean science institutions is given. by David K. Kahaner, Victor Rehn, Iqbal Ahmad, and Pat Wilde

INTRODUCTION

From 4-6 March 1992, three members of the Office of Naval Research Asian Office (ONRASIA) and the director of the Army Research Office Far East (AROFE) visited Korea at the invitation of

Mr. Kenneth D. Cohen Counselor for Scientific and Technological Affairs

U.S. Embassy

82 Sejong-ro, Jongro-gu Seoul, Korea

Tel: +82-2-732-2601 x4159 Fax: +82-2-738-8845

Participants were

and Wilde (marine geology). At each stop they gave a short overview of ONRASIA's or AROFE's role (assessment, fostering contacts and collaborations, etc.). But most of the time was spent listening to descriptions of current and future programs at the sites visited.

Below is a brief sense of what the scientists learned in their areas and a description of the programs at each institute visited. The Appendix contains a list of the hosts and a few key contacts. The sites included public and private universities, government laboratories, and "not for profit” laboratories. Korean industrial laboratories were not included because of lack of time.

Dr. David K. Kahaner (ONRASIA) BACKGROUND
Dr. Victor Rehn (ONRASIA)

Dr. Pat Wilde (ONRASIA) Dr. Iqbal Ahmad (AROFE)

Cohen's motivation for the invitation was to introduce the scientists to Korean science. He hoped that this would generate further contacts and perhaps collaborative activities. Consequently, the visit was almost entirely limited to meetings with heads of organizations or their delegates and there was very little time to make detailed examinations of laboratories or have substantial discussions with working scientists. This made sense also in that the four scientists are interested in quite different activities: Ahmad (materials), Kahaner (computing), Rehn (physics),

Korea's business environment has deteriorated recently; wage rates and per capita gross national product (GNP) growth are worse than in other countries in the region; trade deficits, especially with China, are growing, and there is labor unrest. A bright spot might be improved relations with North Korea; there are hopes that it will be possible to harness the low cost labor available there, and overtures are already being made. For example, the Chairman of Daewoo has just reported plans to build several light industrial plants in the North. But at the moment, research money is getting tighter than in the recent past because of Korea's worsening economic situation, although funding is still attractive.

Korean scientists are exceptionally well linked to colleagues in the West, especially the United States, where many, perhaps as many as 90%, have had advanced education. For this reason language is not a serious problem, much less so than in Japan. There is a very large reservoir of good will between Korea and the United States, and the Korean scientists were exceptionally open and frank about their work, problems, needs, etc. They are very willing to collaborate. Kahaner feels that what they mostly need are collaborations with senior scientists who can help shape directions. They seem to have ample numbers of young researchers, and as mentioned already, good facilities. However, at this point he does not see very strong technical reasons for senior Western scientists to consider spending substantial time at Korean laboratories, in as much as they have little to offer that is not already available in the West; younger researchers might feel differently. Kahaner's assessment of the best form of collaboration is for Western laboratories to offer research opportunities to Koreans. Younger Korean scientists are well trained and have good communication skills in English. These people could be important research associates and postdoctoral candidates for ongoing or new research projects. Further, their experiences will be brought back to Korea where further collaboration might ensue. Thus a short term benefit to laboratories in the West may result in long term benefits later

on.

THE HIGHLY ADVANCED NATIONAL PROJECT (HANP)

The most interesting new project is the Highly Advanced National Project (HANP), for the period 1993-2006. The premise is that Korea is still a thirdworld country with recent problems of stagnating economy, high inflation, and distorted national income distribution. Combined with rising labor costs and international competition, the economic environment is seen as being very unfavorable unless steps are taken to advance the state of the country's high technology research and development (R&D) capability. The Government realizes that it will be nearly impossible for Korea to catch up with advanced countries in all technological fields. Thus the strategy is to emphasize "technology" rather than "science" and to concentrate limited national resources in some critical technologies.

In Korea, national R&D programs are basically controlled by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) and the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI). MOST is mainly responsible for basic and fundamental technology developments, while MTI is in charge of industrial technology development. Other related ministries such as the Ministry of Energy and Resources and the Ministry of Communications (MOC) also participate in R&D programs. But the Korean Government recognizes that there has been some unnecessary overlap and that better coordination is necessary in order to leverage modest investments.

HANP is planned to be interministerial and is to include universities, industry, and government-supported institutes. Naturally funding for HANP will be lower than desired, but the other obstacle is seen to be manpower. To aid this, involvement of foreign experts is strongly recommended by the Government, even in the planning stages and for evaluating plans. Specifically, MOST is going to invest 5% to 20% of

HANP budgets for international R&D activities. Active international exchange programs for researchers will be actively promoted. The Korean Government is going to amend certain laws to better permit participation of foreign researchers and experts in the country's R&D projects, supported at government-supported research institutes. HANP is scaled at about 200300 man-years per year. During the research stages funding will be close to 2:1 government-to-industry funding; funding during the development stage will be in the reverse ratio. Major Korean industries are participating (at least in the planning phase) and include Samsung, Goldstar, Hyundai, Daewoo, PosData, San Yong, Hyosung, Korea Telecom, TriGem, Korea Computer, Qnix, and Dacom. There is also participation from the leading universities and national laboratories.

Two distinct categories of projects have been selected. One group, Products Technology Development Project (HANP-I), focuses on technologies for very specific products that may have large industrial world market share and which Korea has the capability to compete in the 21st century. The second category, Fundamental Technology Development Project (HANP-II), concerns more core technologies that are seen as essential to society but for which it may be impossible to manufacture products by 2001. Within each of these two categories seven projects have been selected. There is still some internal discussion about the projects and a certain amount of modifications are likely, but the general framework is now in place. These projects are listed below.

HANP-I: Products Technology Development

A. Industrial fields which will be supported to keep and advance Korea's present technological level and competitive advantages.

1. Semiconductor Industry: Development of highly integrated semiconductor

• Development and production of 256M dynamic random access memory (DRAM) by 1996

• Development of 1G DRAM by 2000

2. Communication Industry: Development of integrated services and data network (ISDN)

• Development of ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) by 1996

• Development of ISDN by 2000

3. Home Appliance Industry: Development of high definition TV (HDTV)

• Establishment of HDTV monitor technology by 1993

• Development of transmission and broadcasting technology by 1994

• Development of flatpanel display by 1997

4. Automobile Industry: Development of electric vehicle-Commercialized by 1996

B. Industrial fields in which Korea will be able to compete with advanced countries or will be forced to challenge to acquire competitive capability in 21st century.

5. Computer Industry: Development of intelligent computer

• Development of multimedia computer by 1994

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