Heavy metal concentrations are low and the copper measured in Project Musselwatch is considered safe. Cold bottom waters are poor in nutrients, while high salinity waters tend to be richer in nutrients. Korea will be involved in a United Nations program in measuring coastal nutrients in 1997. The first technical session was ended by a summary talk by Prof. Yong Ahn Park of SNU on the sedimentation patterns at the eastern part of the Yellow Sea. The Yellow Sea coast line of Korea is unique as it is uniformly fine grained with little or no sand-sized material. This is generally not found in regions of such high tides. On the Korean side, Holocene mud lies right on the bed rock. Sediment transport varies with the season, with along-shore movement in the winter, probably related to the northwest monsoonal winds and offshore transport in the summer. Most of the material in the Yellow Sea originally came from deposition from the Hwang-Ho River in China. The clay material from China is high in smectite (montmorillonite-swelling clay), whereas clay from the Korean Peninsula is high in chlorite (metamorphic rock) and kaolin (granite source). Near Korea there is not much evidence of a significant Chinese source of sediment. Since 1855, the Hwang-Ho has emptied into the Bohai Sea, an arm of the Yellow Sea north of the Shandong Peninsula. There, most of the sediment is trapped before reaching the eastern and central parts of the Yellow Sea. Research for Coastal This session concentrated on more ocean engineering related activities and included a report on Russian activities in wave monitoring, outside of the Yellow Sea, which have an implication on the type of modelling and measurement programs that might be proposed for the Yellow Sea Experiment. Drs. Sand Hyun Park and Chang Kyoo Park Horizontal 1:500 1:80 Velocity 1:8.9 Time Discharge 1:55.9 for tsunami on the open Pacific islands of Russia. The Skurshex Experiment is on Shitotan Island, which is one of the disputed islands seized from Japan by the Soviet Union at the end of World War II. Here research on seiches is being done with bottom-sitting pressure sensors placed in 1986. The concern is that resonant amplification of tsunami waves in the bays may be disastrous if it occurs in conjunction with seiching produced by other phenomena such as wind waves and longshore edge waves. These studies also are supplemented by the investigations of long waves, surf beats, and infragravity waves done off Kamchatka in 1987-88. Interpretation of the data uses sophisticated methods of conformable mapping of eigen oscillation values. Although the survey area was not in the Yellow Sea, the instrumentation, placement strategies, and analysis techniques could be used as prototypes for the Yellow Sea Experiment wave monitoring component. Another applied paper was given by Prof. Isao Irie, of the Civil Engineering Coastal Prediction Models Department of Kyushu University, Japan. Irie talked on the recent development of port and harbor engineering in Japan. The discussion was on various innovative designs for multipurpose shore protection structures in Japan. The concept is for both expanded civilian use as well as conventional port protection in the coastal zone. Such designs also include artificial headlands; artificial multipurpose offshore islands; fish attractants; and combined sport fishing, sightseeing, and recreation facilities on breakwaters. Dr. Alexander B. Rabinovich of the Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, discussed the investigation of long waves on the shelf of the South Kuril Islands and the Skurshex Experiment. The experiments were part of a study hoping to improve marine disaster prevention especially Dr. Sok Kuh Kang of KORDI, on behalf of his colleagues Dr. Ki Dai Lee Yum (KORDI), Prof. Sang Ryong Lee (Pusan National University), and Prof. Jong-Yul Chung (SNU), described the tidal computation of the seas adjacent to Korea. Their two-dimensional model uses a polar coordinate system with 11 cells. The M-tide model shows 1930 co-tidal lines and three amphidromes in the Yellow Sea. The diurnal tide has two amphidromic points. They would like to go to 100,000 grid points in future models. Thus far the question of the intrusion of the Kuroshio Current in the summer cannot be resolved. Actual field measurements are scarce and the need for an integrated tidal station network was emphasized. They do have a 2-km gridded model of the area near Pusan, which should resolve eddies not seen in the original model. "Development of a Mixed SpectralFinite Difference Model for Computation of Wind Induced Currents in the West Coast of Korea" was given by Dr. Jae Kwi So of KORDI with coauthors Kwang Soo Lee (KORDI), Kyung Tae Jung (KORDI), and Prof. Woo Jin Jung of Inha University. The model is a threedimensional Davies type also in polar coordinates. Eddy viscosity is used in an attempt to do real-time modelling. In the present eigenfunction model the eddy viscosity is fixed in the vertical. For the winter monsoon case the wind stress is set at 1.6 N-m2 from the northwest. For a low eddy viscosity of 0.0125 m2/s, the wind energy is trapped at the surface and current reversals occur at depth. For a "high" eddy viscosity of 0.1 m2/s, much more mixing occurs and the velocity profile is more uniform. The next steps are to: (1) vary the eddy viscosity with depth, (2) compare with field measurements, (3) use the mixed Davies United Kingdom base set, and (4) expand the scale of the model to the whole Yellow Sea. Prof. Chong Mook Lee of the Pohang Institute of Technology suggested in the question period that a moving pressure field might be added to augment the shear stress used. There also was a discussion of how to match the boundary conditions from the two-dimensional "big" model to the three-dimensional nearshore models of finer scales. The next presentation was by Prof. Im Sang Oh of SNU for his colleagues Prof. Jin Kyung Lee (SNU) and Dr. Ki Chun Jeon (KORDI) on storm surge and wave hindcasting models and comparisons with field data at the Yellow Sea. This was a pilot study for YESEX done at the end of December 1991 off the west coast of Korea using wave height and tidal current information from several on and offshore stations. The hindcast models used were a finite difference two-dimensional storm surge and a decoupled shallow water wave type. The results show general agreement in phase and magnitude of computed sea level, but "some discrepancies" were found between calculated and observed waves. Swell was not considered in these models as only local atmospheric terms could be used. The project organizer, Dr. Dong-Young Lee, and Dr. Ki Chum Jeon, both of KORDI, described plans for the development of a real-time coastal prediction system. The goal is a real-time user input system, probably PC computer based, where a series of oceanographic/ocean engineering questions can be answered. Ideally the user gives the time/s of observation, location, and parameter/s requested and receives the answer through a computer search of the appropriate model or tables stored in the database memory. Mr. Kyung Ok Ko of the Maritime Police and Dr. Sin Young Kang of the Korea Maritime University presented, in Korean, "Statistics of Marine Accidents in Korea and the Development of a Drift Prediction Model in Search and Rescue." Due to the increase in maritime accidents and as a result of international agreements concluded by the International Maritime Organization, Korea has revised its own search and rescue procedures. KORDI and the Maritime Police are working jointly on the use of drift prediction models in search and rescue and are identifying areas of risk through the compilation of marine accident statistics. Coastal Environmental Studies This session began with a general discussion of the sediment siltation process in coastal waters by Prof. Tetsuya Kusuda of Kyushu University, Japan. Tetsuya commented that four major areas of the world's oceans have extensive areas of cohesive mud bottoms: the Baltic-North Sea area of Europe, the Gulf of Mexico, Southeast Asia, and the Yellow Sea. His major concern would be transport underwater action, as the Yellow Sea has a shallow mean depth of only 44 meters. Sixty percent of sediment transport in such areas is in the transitory upper layer of the bottom where material is settling into the bottom. Below the mobile fluid Lutocline, where there is a rapid change in concentration of sediment, is a “stationary" layer overlying cohesive mud. To produce mud erosion due to "to and fro” shear stress produced by wave action, the wave period has to be greater than 1.2 seconds. Otherwise the cohesive particles, which are ideally arranged like sheets of paper, cannot be lifted and eventually transported. The question of the relative importance of unidirectional flow (i.e., currents) as opposed to wave action with respect to erosion was discussed. The shear stress required for erosion is lower for wave action than for unidirectional flow. Dr. Sinjae Yoo of KORDI reviewed efforts to interpret ocean color remote sensing of the Yellow Sea. The atmospheric interference, the in-water algorithm, and the calibration of productivity estimates via chlorophyll-A insitu measurements were investigated. The atmospheric problem is due to the high proportion of dust from the Asian mainland and particularly from the Gobi Desert. Use of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) standard clear water radiance method algorithm leads to misinterpretation of the satellite color pictures. Relative error estimates for productivity are from 200% to 960% in the Yellow Sea area, whereas the previous error estimations based on the commonly used algorithm were only 40%. This emphasizes the importance of site specific algorithm evaluation and the danger of reliance on some "universal" formula for satellite interpretation, particularly for parameters such as color/productivity that have a high atmospheric and water column variability. Prof. Hang Soon Choi of SNU gave an overview on marine oil spill accidents and development of a short-term prediction model for oil spill spreading for his coauthors, Mr. Chang-Sup Lee of the Maritime Police, Prof. Choung Mook Lee of the Pohang Institute of Technology, and Prof. Kwang Joon Bai of SNU. This paper supplements the talk on drift prediction model use in search and rescue discussed earlier. The validity of calculating surface currents from a depth integrated model based on Ekman theory was questioned. "Modelling of Coastal Currents and Pollutant Transport in the Western Coastal Water of the Yellow Sea" was presented by Profs. Young Jae Ro, Ik Hwan You, and Ki Won Song, all of Chungnam National University. The oil spill model is under development. The tentative specifications are: The planned model is vertically aver- Technologies for Coastal Dr. Kwang Soon Park, for his coauthor Dr. Dong-Young Lee, both of KORDI, discussed real-time wave monitoring system of the Korea Maritime and Port Administration. The system, initiated in 1987, has eight basic stations in Korean waters, two of them in the Yellow Sea. The primary stations have a wave riding buoy, a directional wave gauge, and a pressure gauge. Data from the sensors are cabled to the beach, whereas data from the wave rider buoy are transmitted via radio. New measurement techniques besides conventional at-a-station observations were reported by Drs. Soo-Yong Kim, Ki Bong Kim, and San Baek Han of the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) in their talk titled "Present Status and Future Prospect of Ocean Current and Sea State Measurement by HF Radar." This was mainly on developments in other countries and the potential application to Korean waters. The final talk of the session and of the program was by Prof. Yoon-Hae Ye of Kyunghee University discussing new technologies of ocean data measurement using optical fibers. He suggested that conventional measurement sensors for parameters such as temperature, pressure, turbidity level, etc. may be replaced by compact and reliable optical fiber sensors. Also, new parameters previously impossible or difficult to measure in the marine environment, such as chemical concentration, now might be monitored in real time using new optical fiber techniques. "Measurement and Analysis of the Dr. Dong-Young Lee, the organizer of the workshop, after thanking the participants, closed the meeting by calling for innovative thinking and international cooperation in bringing together instruments, models, and analytical techniques to attack the problem of understanding such a system as the Yellow Sea. With such a good beginning he believed that a YESEX-2 workshop would be even more successful. Papers presented by title only, but not given, are listed in the Appendix. These papers will be included in the workshop proceedings. The first Workshop on the Yellow Sea Experiment was a showcase for Korean scientists, engineers, and government agencies concerned with oceanic problems to demonstrate their approaches and activities. Unfortunately, the scheduled participation of Chinese scientists was prevented by the long lead time for them to obtain exit visas. Otherwise, except for North Korea, all the nations bordering on the Yellow Sea would have made meaningful contributions. The Yellow Sea Experiment is still in the formative stages, but the Korean approach of expansion of existing monitoring programs and extension using relatively low cost ships, buoys, etc. of opportunity seems a proper evolutionary phase. As with other Korean scientific endeavors, the politically astute, intimate involvement of the government, academic, and private sector groups in all facets of the planning leads both to concrete results and general long-term programmatic stability, which are critical to the success of a project as vast and as complex as the Yellow Sea Experiment. The emphasis on the uniqueness of the Yellow Sea as a fullscale test facility to examine various oceanographic problems and models should attract workers from the international community not specifically interested in the geographic location of the Yellow Sea. The fact that such a multinational project is being contemplated seriously in an area associated with bitter local enmities and with large standing armies technically at war certainly is an indication of the value of marine research as a benefit to all nations. Pat Wilde joined the staff of the Office of Naval Research Asian Office (ONRASIA) in July 1991 as a liaison scientist specializing in ocean sciences. He received his Ph.D. in geology from Harvard University in 1965. Since 1964, he has been affiliated with the University of California, Berkeley in a variety of positions and departments, including Chairman of Occan Engineering from 1968 to 1975 and Head of the Marine Sciences Group at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (1977-1982) and on the Berkeley campus (1982-1989). He joined ONRASIA after being the Humboldt Prize Winner in Residence at the Technical University of Berlin. Dr. Wilde's speciality is in palcooccanography and marine geochemistry, particularly in the Palcozoic and Anoxic environments. He maintains an interest in modern oceanography through his work on deep-sca fans, coastal and deep-sea sediment transport, and publication of occanographic data sheets showing the bathymetry with attendant features off the West Coast of the United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. Appendix PAPERS NOT PRESENTED "Brief Introduction to Coastal Engineering in China," Asian Yak, Hah University, China. "Research Activities for Marine Disaster Prevention at the Yellow Sea in China," Dunxin Hu and Fagao Zhang, Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica, China. "NOAA Yellow Sea Project and Large Marine Ecosystem Program," Thomas L. Laughlin, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. "Studies of the Yellow Sea Using Remote Sensing Technology," Jiamin Hu, Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Research, China. SUPERCONDUCTING This article summarizes observations and opinions of many of the INTRODUCTION Since 1985, the Ship and Ocean Foundation of Japan has sponsored an extensive research and development project in superconducting magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) ship propulsion, resulting in the design and construction of the experimental prototype ship, YAMATO-1. Considering the ocean trading economic structure of Japan, this research and development initiative appears to be prudent. The MHDS'91 conference held in Kobe, Japan, at the end of October 1991, marked the completion of YAMATO-1's drydock construction. The Japanese hosts and international attendants not only joined together for in-depth discussions and exchanges on superconducting MHD propulsion, but they also visited YAMATO-1 at Mitsubishi Heavy Industry's Kobe shipyard. It was a unique occasion in by Thomas F. Lin one sense. That is, as the experimental MHDS'91 MEETING The 4-day meeting focused on the following five topic areas related to superconducting MHD ship propulsion technologies. The YAMATO-1 experimental ship, shown in Figure 1, was built to meet the marine architectural specifications as listed in the inset. The two MHD thrusters beneath the ship on both sides are the most visible features of the ship. They replace the conventional propellers for propulsion. The two thrusters were separately built by Mitsubishi and Toshiba Heavy Industries. Six parallel MHD channels arranged in a circular pattern were shrouded in the thruster unit, as shown in Figure 2. Each MHD channel has its own superconducting dipole magnet, |