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be trained and our primary source of young researchers will eventually disappear. Then, the United States will have fewer qualified leaders in carbon research for identifying new developmental opportunities.

• The loss of technological advantages by the United States will diminish its domestic and world sales of C/Cs. This situation will result in a further loss of research funds, which are needed to remain competitive with the rest of the world. The United States stands a good chance of becoming dependent on foreign sources for its supply of advanced C/Cs. This is a serious problem because it limits the procurement of equipment essential for national defense purposes to foreign countries.

The limitation of the U.S. capacity to develop and apply new types of C/Cs will greatly inhibit its ability to formulate high technology and long range plans for the use of C/Cs in future space systems, high performance and lightweight turbines, space planes for reentry, and other applications that have already been mentioned.

Recommendations for ONR and DOD to Capitalize on the Foreign Research Efforts

Identify the areas of research that should be undertaken to meet ONR's long term goals for C/Cs. In defining the scope and objectives of these areas, consideration should be given to the present programs that are being supported by ONR as well as the pertinent ones in other DOD organizations.

• Determine what research informa

tion is needed to complete ONR's long term goals, and if the missing information cannot be addressed by support from ONR, other DOD

agencies should initiate new pro- Summary grams. If this is not possible, can the desired information be obtained from research that is being conducted abroad?

Find and establish methods of increasing the rate that foreign research information is acquired, evaluated and disseminated to the interested researchers. Organizations in Asia are using various means for acquiring the information including attending society meetings, inviting visiting scientists from foreign countries, accepting invitations to foreign countries, and establishing collaborative research programs on a national as well as an individual level where visiting scientists are exchanged for a period of weeks or months. It was found in discussions during this survey that the exchange of information with the United States could be greatly improved if U.S. research activities could be discussed without so many national security restrictions, especially when it is clear that both U.S. and foreign investigators are conducting the same type of research. This means better clarification of what specific information cannot be exchanged and not binding the U.S. researcher's hands with restrictions that use sweeping generalizations.

Ascertain if collaborative efforts can be undertaken with the desired foreign researcher on a basis that would best serve both ONR and the research effort in Asia.

• Increase the coordination between the different U.S. research programs on a national and international basis. Enhancing communications in the United States is a vital component in achieving better coordination and improving the effective use of the funds.

• Foreign research activities encompass all the important areas for developing advanced C/Cs.

U.S. research is not as broad in scope or in the degree of effort in numerous areas of research as that being undertaken abroad.

• Some of the foreign research activities are highly coordinated through enhanced communication procedures and collaboration activities with other European and Asian countries.

• U.S. research activities and the selection of alternative approaches can be improved by better coordination of our overall program directions, communication procedures, and timely evaluations of the specific objectives of current programs for their ability to meet ONR's long term goals.

• Practically all foreign organizations want to collaborate with the United States as they are already doing with other foreign countries.

There is significant foreign information and laboratory capabilities available to the United States to enhance its research efforts. Methods should be actively considered for taking advantage of this situation.

• Time is running out for the United States to take corrective action through more support of research activities if it wants to maintain a leadership role in the developmental, technological, and engineering applications of C/Cs.

Dr. Robert A. Meyer is a Research Professor at the Materials Department, Engineering College, the University of California, at Santa Barbara, California. His research interests are in the arcas of the crystallographic forms of carbon, how processing conditions alter the microstructure of polycrystalline and composites solids, and what influences such alterations have on the physical properties of these solids when they are exposed to severe environmental conditions.

FIRST WORKSHOP ON THE
YELLOW SEA EXPERIMENT (YESEX-1)

The Yellow Sea is an extension of the Western Pacific Ocean bordered by
China, Korea, and Japan. It is open to the south via the East China Shelf
Sea, which is screened from the open Pacific by the Ryukyu Island Arc.
The Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute (KORDI) has
proposed the Yellow Sea become an international full-size test laboratory
as an outgrowth of the Korean program of real-time coastal monitoring
and prediction initiated in 1991. To test the feasibility of this concept and
to bring together workers and knowledge about the Yellow Sea, KORDI
sponsored an international workshop, YESEX-1, at Seoul National
University on 10-11 April 1992. The technical sessions included Marine
Environment of the Yellow Sea, Research for Coastal Development,
Coastal Prediction Models, Coastal Environmental Studies, and
Technologies for Coastal Monitoring Systems. Brief summaries of the
papers given at this workshop are presented.

INTRODUCTION

With the emergence of South Korea as a modern industrial state, it became obvious that due to its long coast line compared to its surface area, many types of maritime activities are conducive to economic development. To foster coastal development and at the same time to prevent environmental degradation of the coastal zone, Korea has established an Integrated Coastal Monitoring Network. Korea has two different coastal zones. The east coast is bounded by the relatively deep East Sea (Sea of Japan), which is opened to the north to the Sea of Ohkotsk and to the south via the Tsushima Straits to the East China Sea. The west coast is bounded by the shallow Yellow Shelf

by Pat Wilde

Sea, which is only open to the south
where it merges into the East China
Sea. These two coastal zones are signif-
icantly environmentally and oceano-
graphically different to pose separate
problems with respect to monitoring
and modeling strategies. Also, natural
phenomena related to these areas are
functions of processes that are multi-
national in origin, so they could not be
studied properly with cooperation of
the nations with common oceanic bor-
ders. Accordingly, the Korea Ocean
Research and Development Institute
(KORDI), which is the primary gov-
ernmental ocean research agency, has
proposed an international program of
study using the Yellow Sea as a full-size
test facility. Besides the obvious bene-
fits with respect to planning and devel-
opment of the neighboring coastal states,

the Yellow Sea is a relatively unique natural laboratory for the development and testing of both equipment and various numerical models. The attractiveness of the Yellow Sea as a natural laboratory stems from its shallow depth (44 meters mean), uniform finegrained sediment cover, extreme tidal range (up to 9 meters), persistent monsoonal wind direction for most of the year, one major sediment source (Hwang-Ho River of China), and quasiflume like shape. The First Workshop on the Yellow Sea Experiment (YESEX-1), which was held at Seoul National University (SNU) on 10-11 April 1992, was the initial effort to attract an international audience while summarizing prior investigations.

PROGRAM

Opening and Keynote Session

The introductory session, chaired by Prof. Choung Mook Lee of the Pohang Institute of Technology, set the tone of the meeting, emphasizing the importance of regional studies of this nature to both the global and local environmental scenes. The president of KORDI, Prof. Byoung-Young Park, noted that monitoring systems for warning and thus prevention or mitigation of marine and coastal disasters were a major United Nations effort.

Dr. Dong-Young Lee of KORDI and the principal organizer of the workshop outlined the "Development of the Integrated Coastal Monitoring Network and the Yellow Sea Experiment." He showed that a combination of various techniques was required, not only in-place and at-a-station instrumentation but also wide area real-time measurements such as wave properties from radar. The starting point would be 175 fixed stations already monitored by the Korean Fisheries Agency to obtain some historical record and data continuity. Such stations could be upgraded with additional instrument packages. He proposed to augment the instrumentation at some 350 light buoys already maintained for navigational reasons and to take advantage of ships of opportunity, especially ferry boats on fixed and sequential runs to relatively cheaply expand both the database and the time series. Additional new stations such as specially constructed instrumented towers and at-sea weather buoys, similar to the U.S. "monster buoy" program, were proposed as evolving options as the monitoring program grew. Dr. Lee stressed the salient features of the Yellow Sea that make it attractive as a research area: shallow depth, tide dominance rather than wave dominance, uniformly fine sediment

cover, and relatively persistent winds during the winter monsoon. He mentioned that he has contacted marine groups in China at Tshingho, Shanghai, and Nanjing, all with positive responses in regards to potential Chinese cooperation in the YESEX project.

Dr. P. Kihlo Park of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA) put YESEX in the context of various international programs such as the United Nations International Decade for Natural Disaster Prevention and Oceanographic general surveys. Much information, he noted, may be obtained from the satellite databases, which offer estimations of many oceanographic parameters on the synoptic scale simply not available from individual station data. He showed some ocean color satellite pictures for different times of the year for the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan. The pictures displayed some anomalous features, particularly if the color was used as an indication of productivity, such as high winter productivity (see later talk by Dr. Yoo on color remote sensing).

Marine Environment of the Yellow Sea

Prof. Young-Ho Seung of Inha University of Korea opened the technical portion of the workshop with a talk on the physical oceanography of the Yellow Sea. He discussed the strong tidal influence on the total picture, noting regions of mixed, semi-diurnal, and diurnal tides. The general oceanographic picture is clouded by lack of systematic and long time series records. The best available series is from the Korean Fisheries research dating from 1961. Records from the Chinese side of the Yellow Sea are irregular. Since 1986, there has been formal cooperation among China, South Korea, and the United States. The basic winter circulation pattern is towards the open sea

with a dominant northwest monsoonal wind. This produces a south-to-north slope as surface water is being blown out of the Yellow Sea. Maximum fresh water input from the Hwang-Ho River in China is in the summer. The general circulation pattern in the summer is not clear. There is controversy over the existence of a summer warm water current as an offshoot of the Kuroshio, which would penetrate the central Yellow Sea in the absence of the persistent winter monsoonal wind. In the late summer and fall, many typhoons blow in, adding to the mixing of the shallow sea. The exchange rate of heat and salt in and out of the Yellow Sea is not well understood as a result of the complicated circulation picture and the lack of real observations on a broad scale. Due to the strong tides, up to 9 meters, the coastal waters are well mixed and stratification is seen only in the central portions of the Yellow Sea. It is clear that the international efforts proposed in the Yellow Sea Experiment will clarify many of the unsolved oceanographic questions.

Drs. Dong-Beom Yang and See Whan Kang of KORDI gave an overview on the marine pollution of the Yellow Sea. The problems they identified include red tides and associated anoxia especially on the south coast and oil pollution with about 200 oil accidents per year in Korea. Some mean values of chemical parameters are:

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