The production of copper in 1910 was 1,080,159,509 pounds, valued at $137,180,257 as against 1,092,951,624 pounds, valued at $142,083,711, in 1909, and against 888,763,603 pounds, valued at $144,248,017, the average production for the five-year period ending 1908. The increase by decades in the production of copper is shown as follows: 1845, 224,000 pounds; 1855, 6,720,000 pounds; 1865, 19,040,000 pounds; 1875, 40,320,000 pounds; 1885, 165,875,766 pounds; 1895, 380,613,404 pounds; 1905, 901,907,843 pounds; 1910, 1,080,159,509 pounds. Considerable copper was reported by the mines, from ores mined primarily for other metals, and in all 264,680.08 fine ounces of gold and 16,024,424 fine ounces of silver were obtained from ores in which copper was the principal constituent.

Forms in which copper was cast in 1910 included wire bars, 720,505,724 pounds, or 50%; ingots and ingot bars, 441,302,990 pounds, or 31% cakes, 142,660,100 pounds, or 10%; cathodes, 99,500,146 pounds, or 7; other forms, 26,620,036 pounds, or 2%, giving the total of 1,430,588,996 pounds.

The imports in 1910 were valued at $40,849,239, as against $38,762,951, in 1909; $29,664,129 in 1908 and $46,912,347, in 1907. The exports in 1910 were valued at $96,554,432, as against $93,919,956, in 1909, $91,809,675, in 1908, and $103,252,917, in 1907.

The smelter production of copper in the world was 1,903,297,003 pounds in 1910 as compared with 1,873,404,407 pounds in 1909. In 1910 the smelter output of the United States was 56.75 per cent. of the world's production as compared with 58.22 per cent. in 1909 and with 56.54 per cent. in 1908. The

COAL MINE ACCIDENTS IN The loss of life in the production of anthracite and bituminous coal during 1910 involved the loss of 3,051 lives in 21 States and Provinces of the United States and Canada, as compared with 2,417 fatalities for the corresponding period in 1909, an increase of 634, or 26.23 per cent. The fatality rate for 1910 was 4.18 per 1,000 persons employed, as against 3.39 for 1909, an increase of 0.79 per 1,000, or 23.3 per cent. The rate for 1910 was the highest on record for the last decade, the nearest approach thereto having been in 1907, when the rate was 4.15 per 1,000.

The loss of life based on actual numbers was greatest in the Pennsylvania anthracite region, where 601 deaths occurred, followed by the bituminous region of Pennsylvania with 539, Illinois with 406, West Virginia with 320, and Colorado with 319. During 1910 the highest rate prevailed in Colorado, where it was 21.6 per 1,000. The only higher rates reported for any one state and year of the decade ending 1910, were for British Columbia, 25.67 for 1901 and 34.65 for 1902; and for Tennessee, 25.8 for 1902. Next to the State of Colorado the highest rate during 1910 is reported for Alabama, where it attained 10.81 per 1.000. Other states with rates above the average for the year were: Illinois, with 5.44; New Mexico, with 4.89; Oklahoma, with 5.43; Utah, with 4.38; Washington, with 7.15; and West Virginia, with 5 per 1,000. The states with the next lowest rates were: Iowa, where the rate

THE PERMANENT COURT OF ARBITRA

TION.

This court, more popularly known as The Hague Tribunal, was constituted by virtue of the convention for the pacific regulation of international questions, concluded at The Hague, July 29, 1899. (Office, Prinsegracht 71, The Hague.)

The

Administrative Council.-President: Minister for Foreign Affairs for Holland. Members: The diplomatic representatives of all the signatory powers accredited to The Hague.

Members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration. Since the individuals themselves are constantly changing by ill health or death, we shall content ourselves by giving the signatory powers alone, letting it suffice to say that these powers appoint their most distinguished men, preferably lawyers, to the position. They are: Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Holland, Italy, Japan, Luxemburg, Mexico, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Servia, Spain, Sweden, and Norway, Switzerland, and the United States.

CARNEGIE PEACE FUND.

On December 14, 1910, Andrew Carnegie transferred to 27 trustees a fund of $10,000,000 in 5 per cent. first mortgage bonds, the revenue of which will be used to "hasten the abolition of international war" and to establish lasting world peace. The foundation is to be perpetual, and when the establishment of universal peace is attained the donor provides that the revenue shall be devoted to the banishment of the "next most degrading evil or evils."

NORTH AMERICAN MINES.

was 2.17; Kansas, with 2.26; Indiana, with 2.41; and Michigan, with 2.43. The highest average fatality rate for the decade ending with 1910 was for the Province of British Columbia, or 9.21 per 1,000, followed by the State of Colorado, with an average of 8.39. The lowest averages were reported for Missouri, where the rate was only 1.48 per 1,000; followed by Iowa, with a rate of 2.09.

The accompanying profile shows graphically the fluctuations in and gradual increase of the death rate during the period 1886 to 1910. The lowest rate of 2.23 per 1,000 in 1887 has never since been approached, with the exception of 1897, when it dropped to 2.33. Since 1900, the rate has never been below 3 per 1,000, and from this point on there has been a rapid and uniform increase.

During the year 1909 there were 309,618,885 short tons of bituminous coal and 70,221,195 short tons of Pennsylvania anthracite or a total of 379,840,080 short tons of coal loaded at the mines for shipment; 11,959,722 short tons of bituminous, and 2,201,997 short tons or 14,161,719 short tons in all sold to local trade and used by employees; 9,488,039 short tons of bituminous and 8,647,167 short tons of bituminous anthracite or a total of 18,135,206 short tons used at the mines for steam and heat. There were 48,677,611 short tons of coal made into coke during the year. Thus a total quantity of 379,744,257 tons of bituminous coal and 81,070,359 tons of anthracite or a total of 460,814,616 tons of coal were produced during the year. The total value of the coal produced was $554,668,364, of which $405,486,777 was for the bituminous coal and $149,181,587 for the Pennsylvania anthracite. The average price per ton of bituminous coal at the mines was $1.07 and for Pennsylvania anthracite $1.84. The average number of men employed in the mines was 666,555.

In 1910 there were 416,592,447 tons of coal loaded at the mines for shipment; 14,307,423 tons sold to local trade and used by employees; 18,509,058 tons used at the mines for steam and heat; and 52,187,450 tons made into coke; thus making the total production of coal for the year 1910 501,506,578 short tons, of which amount 84,485,236 were Pennsylvania anthracite and 417,111,142 bituminous. The total value, at an average price of $1.25 per ton, was $629,557,021. The average number of days the mines were active was 220 and the average number of employees 725,030.

During the year 1910 there were 169,497 men employed in the anthracite coal mines of the United States. They worked on an average 229 days out of the year. The average production per man in 1910 was 498 short tons and the average daily tonnage per man was 2.17 tons. In the bituminous fields there were 555,533 men employed during the year 1910 and they worked on an average 217 days a year. The average production per man in the bituminous mines was 751 tons and the average daily tonnage per man was 3.46 tons.

During the year 1910, there were 3,021,627 tons of anthracite coal with a value of $14,785,387, and 10,784,239 tons of bituminous and shale, with a value of $26,685,405. exported from the United States. The anthracite imports, valued at $42,244, amounted to 8,195 tons, and the bituminous and shale imports, valued at $3,975,561, 1,497,709 tons

Since 1899, the United States has ranked first in the coal-producing nations of the world and Great Britain has ranked second. In 1910, the United States produced 501,596,378 tons of coal; Great Britain, 296,007,699 tons; Germany, 245,043,120 tons; France, Austria-Hungary, 54,573,788 tons; 42,516,232 tons; Belgium, 26,374,986 tons; and Russia and Finland, 24,967,095 tons. The grand total production of coal in the world amounts to 1,278,577,812 tons.

A summary of the strikes in the coal mines of the United States shows that there were during the year 1910, 218,493 men on strike and that there were 19,250,524 working days lost or an average of 88 working days per man.

CENTRAL BUREAU OF INTERNATIONAL GEODESY ESTABLISHED UPON THE TELEGRAPHBERG, NEAR POTSDAM. This central bureau has existed since 1866. After the creation of the Prussian Geodetic Institute it was united with the latter in 1869. The object of the Geodetic Institute is to cultivate geodesy by scientific researches, to execute the astronomical and physical determinations which, joined with the geodetic determinations, may serve in the exploration of the surface of the earth, more particularly within Prussian territory.

The labors of the institute for the present bear more particularly upon the astronomical determinations of the vertical in longitude and latitude, as well as upon astronomical data upon as many points of the geodetic system as possible; moreover, upon the determination of zenithal distances for convenient points, also upon the determination of

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the density and force of gravitation; it devotes its attention, furthermore, to researches upon the mean level and variations in the sealevel; to the examining into the refraction of luminous rays by the atmosphere; finally, it is occupied with all theoretical and experimental researches which contribute to the examination of the surface and the geodesy of the country.

The Geodetic Institute is placed under the immediate supervision of the Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs, Public Instruction, and Medical Affairs of Prussia.

The Academy of Sciences is the consulting organ of the Minister in all the important affairs of the Institute. Conformably to the conventions agreed upon between the contracting parties, the Institute performs the functions of a Central Bureau for international geodesy. The director of the bureau is at the same time director of the Institute.Almanach de Gotha,