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THE MEDALS OF THE ARMY AND NAVY.

MEDALS OF HONOR.

The Medal of Honor for the Navy (No. 2), which was made available by the Act of Congress, approved December 21, 1861, is bestowed upon such petty officers, seamen, landsmen and marines as should distinguish themselves by their gallantry in action or other seamanlike qualities, during war. It consists of a bronze five-pointed star, the points terminating in trefoil with a wreath of oak and laurel contained in each ray. In the center, within a circle of thirty-four stars, America is represented as Minerva vanquishing Discord. The star is mounted on an anchor and suspended from a silk ribbon of red and white stripes, arranged vertically below a field of blue.

The Medal of Honor for the Army (No. 9) is made in silver, heavily electro-plated in gold. It consists of a five-pointed star and in the center appears the head of Minerva. Surrounding this central feature, arranged in circular form, are the words "United States of America," representing nationality. The medal is suspended by a light blue wateredsilk ribbon spangled with thirteen white stars representing the original States, and is attached to an eagle clasp supported on a horizontal bar, upon which appears the word "Valor."

GOOD CONDUCT MEDALS.

There are many men in the Naval Service, although they may never have attracted sufficient attention to warrant the Medal of Honor, who are well worthy of recognition by virtue of their long and faithful service; for these thoroughly efficient sailors there is also a reward known as the Good Conduct Medal. The first issue of this Medal was in 1870 (No. 23). This was recalled in 1888, and the present style adopted (No. 18). In the center of the new Medal is an old warship with the word "Constitution" beneath. This is suspended by a red ribbon.

In 1910 a Medal similar to that of the Navy was adopted by the Marine Corps for the reward of Good Conduct in the service (No. 17), except that there was a slight change made in the central figure and a change in the wording to suit this corps.

BADGES FOR PROFICIENCY IN SMALL

ARMS PRACTICE.

For proficiency in the annual practice with rifles and revolvers the Army and Marine Corps award a similar set of distinguishing badges. In rifle practice the first badge is that of Marksman (No. 15), which requires the qualifying of the participant with 60 per cent., for slow, rapid and skirmish fire at 200, 300, 500 and 600 yards. The Sharpshooter's Badge (No. 13) is presented to those who qualify with a similar percentage at 800 and 1,000 yards (slow fire) and rapid fire at 500 yards. For the Expert Rifleman's Badge (No. 14) the candidate must secure 68 per cent. at slow, timed and skirmish fire at 200, 300, 600 and 1,000 yards.

In the Navy the grades are corresponding, although shorter, and include revolver practice as well. The Navy issues but one Medal (No. 16), the Sharpshooter's Medal, to which bars are attached for further distinction.

SPECIAL LEGENDS.

The Certificate of Merit Badge (No. 11); issued to officers and men of the Army for meritorious service. The ribbon is composed of two bands of red, white and blue, separated by a narrow white stripe.

The Philippine Congressional Medal (No. 5); issued to volunteer officers and men who served beyond their enlistment with the Army in the Philippines. The ribbon is composed of a broad band of blue with a narrow white stripe separating it from narrow stripes of red, white and blue on either edge.

The Civil War Campaign Badge (No. 3); issued to officers and men for service in the United States Army in the Civil War. The ribbon is composed of two bands of red, white and blue; the red on the outside and the blue stripes separated by a narrow stripe of red. (No. 10), issued to those of the Navy and Marine Corps who served during the Civil War. The ribbon is blue and gray.

The Indian Wars Campaign Badge (No. 7); issued to those who served in the Army in the campaigns against the Indians. The ribbon is bright red with a darker stripe of red on either edge.

The Spanish-American War Campaign Badge (No. 6); issued to those who served in the Army in the Spanish War, in Cuba, Porto Rico or the Philippines. The ribbon is composed of a broad band of yellow, between two bands of red, with a narrow border of blue on either edge. (No. 12), issued to officers and men of the Navy and Marine Corps who served in Cuban, Porto Rican or Philippine Waters during the Spanish War. The ribbon is yellow with two stripes of red.

The Philippine Insurrection Campaign Badge (No. 19); issued for duty with the Army in the Philippines and for service with the several expeditions against the natives. The ribbon is composed of a broad blue band between two bands of red with a narrow stripe of blue on either edge.

The China Relief Expedition Badge (No. 25); issued for service ashore in China with the Peking Relief Expedition. The ribbon is a broad band of yellow edged with blue. (No.21), issued to those who served in the Navy and Marine Corps in Chinese Waters or ashore during the Boxer Uprising. The ribbon is yellow with a narrow black band near each edge.

The Dewey Congressional Medal (No. 1); issued to members of the Navy or Marine Corps who served with the Asiatic Squadron at Manila. The ribbon is composed of a yellow band with a blue band on either side.

The West Indies Campaign Medal (No. 4); issued for service during the West Indies Campaign in the Navy and Marine Corps. The ribbon is composed of three bands, the central one blue and the outside ones red. (No. 8), issued for specially meritorious service during the West Indies Campaign other than in battle, to officers and men of the Navy and Marine Corps. The ribbon is red.

The Philippine Campaign Badge (No. 24); issued to members of the Navy and Marine Corps who served in that campaign. The ribbon is red with a yellow band in the center.

The Cuban Pacification Badge (No. 22); issued to officers of the Navy and Marine Hospital Corps who served in Cuba. The ribbon is similar to that of the Army for this campaign (No. 20); olive drab, with red white and blue borders.

PASSPORTS.

Passports are required for entrance into Russia, Turkey and the Balkan countries, and must be visaed by diplomatic or consular representatives of those countries. There are no such representatives of the Balkan States in the United States and passports for those countries should be visaed by their diplomatic or consular representatives elsewhere. Passports may be required in other countries of persons making a prolonged stay, especially if they reside in boarding houses or rented apartments, but they are often valuable in the securing of registered mail, admissions to certain galleries, etc., which are normally closed to the public. Passports are issued by the Secretary of State. An American abroad may make his application before an American diplomatic or consular officer, who will forward it to the department. The fee for a passport is $1.00. This amount in currency or postal order should accompany each application made by a citizen of the United States. The orders should be made payable to the Disbursing Clerk of the Department of State. Drafts or checks are not accepted. A person who is entitled to receive a passport, if in the United States at the time, must make a written application in affidavit form to the Secretary of State. Application must be made by the person to whom the passport is to be issued, and signed by him, as one person cannot apply for a passport for another. affidavit must be attested by an officer authorized to administer oaths, and an official seal must be affixed, or his official character must be authenticated by a certificate of the proper legal officer. The applicant must take the oath of allegiance to the Government of the United States. The oath is on the application blank. The application must be accompanied by a description of the applicant. Full data for these questions are provided on the blank. There are a number of different forms. There is one for a native citizen, one for the naturalized citizen, and one for a person claiming citizenship through the naturalization of husband or parent. In asking for a blank it should be specified which form is desired. A woman's application must state whether she is married or not, and a married woman must state whether her husband is a native or a naturalized citizen. A passport expires two years from the date of issue, but it may be extended for two years by a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States, if presented when it is about to expire. Applications for passports from naturalized citizens must be accompanied by a certificate of naturalization.

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When the applicant is accompanied by his wife, minor children and a servant, to be entitled to receive the passport it is sufficient to state the fact, giving the respective ages of the children and the allegiance of the servant, then one passport will suffice for all. For any other person in the party a separate passport will be required. The woman's passport may include her minor children and servant under the above-named conditions. It should be noted, however, that the term "servant" does not include a governess, tutor, pupil, companion or person holding like relations to the applicant for passport. Professional or other titles will not be inserted in the passports. This information is obtained from the circular

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THE NOBEL PRIZES.

The Nobel Foundation is based upon the last will and testament of Dr. Alfred Bernhard Nobel, engineer and inventor of dynamite, dated December 27, 1895, the stipulations of which, respecting this fund, are as follows:

The rest of my fortune, that is, the capital realized by my executors, is to constitute a fund, the interest of which is to be distributed annually as a prize to those who have in the course of the previous year rendered the greatest services to humanity. The amount is to be divided into five equal parts, one of which is to be awarded to the person who has made the most important discovery in the domain of physical science; another to the one who has made the most valuable discovery in chemistry or brought about the greatest improvement; the third to the author of the most important discovery in the field of physiology or medicine; the fourth to the one who has produced the most remarkable literary work of an idealistic tendency, and finally the fifth to the person who has done the best or the most in the cause of the fraternity of nations, for the suppression or the reduction of standing armies as well as for the formation and propagation of peace congresses, The prizes will be awarded for physics and chemistry by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; for works in physiology and medicine by the Caroline Institute of Stockholm; for literature by the Stockholm Academy, and finally for the service in the

THE HALL

cause of peace by a committee of five members of the Norwegian Storthing. It is my express desire that the benefits of the foundation are to be open to all nationalities and sexes and that the prize be awarded to the one most worthy, whether Scandinavian or not."

Each prize amounts to about $40,000, and the corporation designates a "Comité Nobel" composed of three or five members for each section, with headquarters at Christiana, Norway.

As expressed in the will no consideration is paid to the nationality of the candidate, but it is essential that every candidate shall be proposed in writing by some qualified representative of science, literature, etc., in the chief countries of the civilized world, such proposals to reach the Committee before the first of February in each year, the awards being made on the following 10th of December, the anniversary of Mr. Nobel's death.

The first distribution of prizes took place in 1901 and including the awards of 1911 only two prizes have been awarded to Americans; 1906, Prof. A. A. Michelson, Physics; 1906, Theodore Roosevelt, Peace. The following awards were made in 1911: Physics, Prof. William Wein, German; Chemistry, Mme. Marie S. Curie, French; Medicine, Allvar Gullstrand, Swede; Literature, Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgian; Peace, Prof. T. C. M. Asser, Dutch, and Alfred Fried, Austrian. OF FAME.

"The Hall of Fame for Great Americans" is the name of an open colonnade attached to the Library of the University of the City of New York, on University Heights in New York city, Borough of the Bronx, in which are inscribed on bronze tablets the names of famous American men and women. Nominations for the honor are made by the public and are submitted to a committee of 100 eminent citizens. In the case of men fifty-one votes are required and in the case of women forty-seven. The first balloting took place in October, 1900, when the following were chosen:

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SALARIES OF OFFICIALS OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. The Executive: President, $75,000; Vice-President, $12,000; Cabinet Officers, $12,000; Assistant Secretaries, $5,000, except Assistant Secretary of Navy, $4,500. Treasury Department: Treasurer of United States, $8,000; Comptroller of Treasury, $6,000; Commissioner of Internal Revenue, $6,000; War Department: Chief of Staff, $8,000; Adjutant General, $8,000; Inspector, Judge Advocate, Quartermaster, Commissary, Surgeon and Paymaster-Generals, $6,000; Navy Department: President General Navy Board, $13,500; President Naval Retir ing Board, $8,000; Post-Office Department: Assistant Postmaster Generals, $5,000; Interior Department: Commissioner of Education, Land Office, Pensions, Indian Affairs and Patents, $5,000; Department of Justice: Assistant Attorney Generals, $5,000. Department Agriculture: Chief, Weather Bureau, $6,000; Chief Forest Service, $5,000; Department of Commerce and Labor: Commissioner Corporations, Labor, Light-House Bureau and General Immigration, $5,000; Director of Census. $7,000; Commissioner Fisheries, $6,000. The members of the Interstate Commerce Commission receive $10,000.

The Legislative: Senators and Representatives in Congress receive $7,500.

The Judiciary: The Chief Justice of the United States receives $15,000; Associate Justices, $14,500.

CHAPTER XV.

NAVIES OF THE WORLD.

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Oct 27 1911

LETTER FROM PRESIDENT TAFT, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF
OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY.

THE NEW "EYES" OF THE MAN BEHIND THE MAN BEHIND THE GUN. Aeronautics has developed in such a remarkable manner in the last few years that it is impossible to surmise when or where progress will be arrested. At the present time the aeroplane can be used to extend the range of vision of the fleet, but when operating beyond the sight of its base, parent ship, or landmarks, it is hampered for scouting purposes by lack of navigational facilities for the determination of course and position. It is very probable that these will come, and with them also come a vast increase in the value of the aeroplane as a naval scout. As a station from which to observe and correct the fall of shot the aeroplane will be of service, particularly where long range, indirect, high-angle firing is used as in case of a bombardment. Here, however, the question of communication is seriously involved, as much depends on the prompt and accurate transmission of information. Steady progress is being made in the development of wireless which gives promise of meeting all the requirements of the situation, and which will insure the efficiency of the aeroplane for the purposes of spotting, as above outlined. The hydreroplane, which is an American development, and which may be launched from a vessel, and alight in the water alongside on the return from a trip aloft, further increases the possibility of the aeroplane as a naval adjunct.-Thomas T. Craven, Lieutenant Commander, Ü. S. N. Director of Target Practice and Engineering Competitions. (Page 414.)

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TABLE II.-VESSELS BUILDING OR AUTHORIZED.

Battle

Armor-
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(a) Battleships having a main battery of all big guns (11 inches or more in caliber). (b) Battleships, 1st class, are those of (about) 10,000 tons or more displacement. (c) Armored cruisers having guns of largest caliber in main battery and capable of taking their place in line of battle with the battleships. They have an increase of speed at the expense of carrying fewer guns in main battery, and a decrease in armor protection; now called battle cruisers.

(d) Includes all unarmored cruising vessels above 1,500 tons displacement. (e) Includes smaller battleships and monitors.

proposed or built by the great powers.

No more vessels of this class are being

(f) England has no continuing shipbuilding policy, but usually lays down each year 5 armored ships with a proportional number of smaller vessels.

(g) Germany has a continuing shipbuilding program, governed by a fleet law authorized by the Reichstag For 1912 there are authorized 1 battleship, 1 armored cruiser, 2 cruisers, 12 destroyers. Eventual strength to consist of 41 battleships, 20 armored cruisers, 40 cruisers, 144 destroyers.

(h) $78,837,591 authorized to be expended from 1911 to 1917 for the construction of war vessels.

(i) $3,570,000 authorized for experiments and further construction.

(k) Includes vessels of colonies.

NOTE:-Vessels undergoing trials are considered as completed.

The following vessels are not included in the tables:

Those over twenty years old unless they have been reconstructed and rearmed within 5 years; torpedo craft over 15 years old.

Transports, colliers, repair, ships, converted merchant vessels, or any other auxiliaries. Vessels of less than 1,500 tons, except torpedo craft. Torpedo craft of less than 50 tons. Table II includes vessels authorized but not yet laid down, as well as those actually under construction.

UNITED STATES NAVAL ENLISTMENT

The term of enlistment of all enlisted men in the Navy is four years, except for minors under eighteen, who enlist with the consent of parents or guardian. Minors over the age of eighteen may be enlisted without the consent of parents or guardian, but must furnish written statement as to their age. Every person must pass the physical examination prescribed in the medical instructions. Only American citizens of good character who may reasonably be expected to remain in the service are enlisted, and every applicant must be able to read and write English and must take the oath of allegiance. No person under the age of seventeen can be enlisted,

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