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produced by lithographic process, or photoengraving process, then by a process wholly performed within the limits of the United States, and the printing of the text and binding of the said book shall be performed within the limits of the United States; which requirements shall extend also to the illustrations within a book consisting of printed text and illustrations produced by lithographic process, or photo-engraving process, and also to separate lithographs or photo-engravings, except where in either case the subjects represented are located in a foreign country and illustrate a scientific work or reproduce a work of art; but they shall not apply to works in raised characters for the use of the blind, or to books of foreign origin in a language or languages other than English, or to books published abroad in the English language seeking ad interim protection under this Act.

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Sec. 18. That the notice of copyright required by section nine of this Act shall consist either of the word "Copyright" or the abbreviation "Copr."', accompanied by the name of the copyright proprietor, and if the work be a printed literary, musical, or dramatic work, the notice shall include also the year in which the copyright was secured by publication. In the case, however, of copies of works specified in subsections (f) to (k), inclusive, of section five of this Act, the notice may consist of the letter C inclosed within a circle, the initials, monoaccompanied by symbol of mark, the copyright gram, proprietor: Provided, That on some accessible portion of such copies or of the margin, back, permanent base, or pedestal, or of the substance on which such copies shall be mounted, his name shall appear. But in the case of works in which copyright is subsisting when this Act shall go into effect, the notice of copyright may be either in one of the forms prescribed herein or in one of those prescribed by the Act of June eighteenth, eighteen hundred and seventy-four.

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Sec. 19. That the notice of copyright shall be applied, in the case of a book or other printed publication upon its title-page or the page immediately following, or if a periodical either upon the title-page or upon the first page of text of each separate number or under the title heading, or if a musical work either upon its title-page or the first page of music: Provided, That one notice of copyright in each volume or in each number of a newspaper or periodical published shall suffice.

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Sec. 20. That where the copyright proprietor has sought to comply with the provisions of this Act with respect to notice, the omission by accident or mistake of the prescribed notice from a particular copy or copies shall not invalidate the copyright or prevent covery for infringement against any person who, after actual notice of the copyright, begins an undertaking to infringe it, but shall prevent the recovery of damages against an innocent infringer who has been misled by the omission of the notice; and in a suit for infringement no permanent injunction shall be had unless the copyright proprietor shall reimburse to the innocent infringer his reasonable outlay innocently incurred if the court, in its discretion, shall so direct.

Sec. 21. That in the case of a book published abroad in the English language before publication in this country, the deposit in the copyright office, not later than thirty days after

its publication abroad, of one complete copy of the foreign edition, with a request for the reservation of the copyright and a statement of the name and nationality of the author and of the copyright proprietor and of the date of publication of the said book, shall secure to the author or proprietor an ad interim copyright, which shall have all the force and effect given to copyright by this Act, and shall endure until the expiration of thirty days after such deposit in the copyright office.

Sec. 22. That whenever within the period of such ad interim protection an authorized edition of such book shall be published within the United States, in accordance with the manufacturing provisions specified in section fifteen of this Act, and whenever the provisions of this Act as to deposit of copies, registration, filing of affidavit, and the printing of the copyright notice shall have been duly complied with, the copyright shall be extended to endure in such book for the full term elsewhere provided in this Act.

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Sec. 23. That the copyright secured by this Act shall endure for twenty-eight years from the date of first publication, whether the copyrighted work bears the author's true name or is published anonymously or under an assumed name: Provided, That in the case of any posthumous work or of any periodical, cyclopaedic, or other composite work upon which the copyright was originally secured by the proprietor thereof, or of any work copyrighted by a corporate body (otherwise than or assignee licensee of the individual author) or by an employer for whom such work is made for hire, the proprietor of such copyright shall be entitled to a renewal and extension of the copyright in such work for the further term of twenty-eight years when application for such renewal and extension shall have been made to the copyright office and duly registered therein within one year prior to the expiration of the original term of copyright: And provided further, That in the case of any other copyrighted work, including a contribution by an individual author to a periodical or to a cyclopaedic or other such composite work when contribution has been separately registered, the author of such work, if still living, or the widow, widower, or children of the author, if the author be not living, or if such author, widow, widower, or children be not living, then the author's executors, or in the absence of a will, his next of kin shall be entitled to a renewal and extension of the copyright in such work for a further term of twenty-eight years when application for such renewal and extension shall have been made to the copyright office and duly registered therein within one year prior to the expiration of the original term of copyright: And provided further, That in default of the registration of such application for renewal and extension, the copyright in any work shall determine at the expiration of twenty-eight years from first publication.

Sec. 24. That the copyright subsisting in any work at the time when this Act goes into effect may, at the expiration of the term provided for under existing law, be renewed and extended by the author of such work if still living, or the widow, widower, or children of the author, if the author be not living, or if such author, widow, widower, or children be not living, then by the author's executors, or in the absence of a will, his next of kin, for a further period such that the entire term shall be equal to that secured by this Act,

including the renewal period: Provided, however, That if the work be a composite work upon which copyright was originally secured by the proprietor thereof, then such proprietor shall be entitled to the privilege of renewal and extension granted under this section: Provided, That application for such renewal and extension shall be made to the copyright office and duly registered therein within one year prior to the expiration of the existing term.

Sec. 25. That if any person shall infringe the copyright in any work protected under the copyright laws of the United States such person shall be liable:

(a) To an injunction restraining such infringement;

(b) To pay to the copyright proprietor such damages as the copyright proprietor may have suffered due to the infringement, as well as all the profits which the infringer shall have made from such infringement, and in proving profits the plaintiff shall be required to prove sales only and the defendant shall be required to prove every element of cost which he claims, or in lieu of actual damages and profits such damages as to the court shall appear to be just, and in assessing such damages the court may, in its discretion, allow the amounts as hereinafter stated, but in the case of a newspaper reproduction of a copyrighted photograph such damages shall not exceed the sum of two hundred dollars nor be less than the sum of fifty dollars, and such damages shall in no other case exceed the sum of five thousand dollars nor be less than the sum of two hundred and fifty dollars, and shall not be regarded as a penalty:

First. In the case of a painting, statue, or sculpture, ten dollars for every infringing copy made or sold by or found in the possession of the infringer or his agents or employees;

Second. In the case of any work enumerated in section five of this Act, except a painting, statue, or sculpture, one dollar for every infringing copy made or sold by or found in the possession of the infringer or his agents or employees;

Third. In the case of a lecture, sermon, or address, fifty dollars for every infringing delivery:

Fourth. In the case of a dramatic or dramatico-musical or a choral or orchestral composition, one hundred dollars for the first and fifty dollars for every subsequent infringing performance; in the case of other musical compositions, ten dollars for every infringing performance;

(c) To deliver up on oath, to be impounded during the pendency of the action, upon such terms and conditions as the court may prescribe, all articles alleged to infringe a copyright;

(d) To deliver up on oath for destruction all the infringing copies or devices, as well as all plates, molds, matrices, or other means for making such infringing copies as the court may order;

(e) Whenever the owner of a musical copyright has used or permitted the use of the copyrighted work upon the parts of musical instruments serving to reproduce mechanically the musical work, then in case of infringement of such copyright by the unauthorized manufacture, use, or sale of interchangeable parts, such as disks, rolls, bands, or cylinders for use in mechanical music-producing machines adapted to reproduce the copyrighted music. no criminal action shall be brought, but in a civil action an injunction may be

granted upon such terms as the court may impose, and the plaintiff shall be entitled to recover in lieu of profits and damages a royalty as provided in section one, subsection (e), of this Act: Provided also, That whenever any person, in the absence of a license agreement, intends to use a copyrighted musical composition upon the parts of instruments serving to reproduce mechanically the musical work, relying upon the compulsory license provision of this Act, he shall serve notice of such intention, by registered mail, upon the copyright proprietor at his last address disclosed by the records of the copyright office, sending to the copyright office a duplicate of such notice; and in case of his failure so to do the court may, in its discretion, in addition to sums hereinabove mentioned, award the complainant a further sum, not to exceed three times the amount provided by section one, subsection (e), by way of damages, and not as a penalty, and also a temporary injunction until the full award is paid.

Rules and regulations for practice and procedure under this section shall be prescribed by the Supreme Court of the United States.

Sec. 28. That any person who willfully and for profit shall infringe any copyright secured by this Act, or who shall knowingly and willfully aid or abet such infringement, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by imprisonment for not exceeding one year or by a fine of not less than one hundred dollars nor more than one thousand dollars, or both, in the discretion of the court: Provided, however, That nothing in this Act shall be so construed as to prevent the performance of religious or secular works, such as oratorios, cantatas, masses, or octavo choruses by public schools, church choirs, or Vocal societies, rented, borrowed, or obtained from some public library, public school, church choir, school choir, or vocal society, provided the performance is given for charitable or educational purposes and not for profit.

Sec. 29. That any person who, with fraudulent intent, shall insert or impress any notice of copyright required by this Act, or words of the same purport, in or upon any uncopyrighted article, or with fraudulent intent shall remove or alter the copyright notice upon any article duly copyrighted shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of not less than one hundred dollars and not more than one thousand dollars. Any person who shall knowingly issue or sell any article bearing a notice of United States copyright which has not been copyrighted in this country, or who shall knowingly import any article bearing such notice or words of the same purport, which has not been copyrighted in this country, shall be liable to a fine of one hundred dollars.

Sec. 30. That the importation into the United States of any article bearing a false notice of copyright when there is no existing copyright thereon in the United States, or of any piratical copies of any work copyrighted in the United States, is prohibited.

Sec. 31. That during the existence of the American copyright in any book the importation into the United States of any piratical copies thereof or of any copies thereof (although authorized by the author or proprietor) which have not been produced in accordance with the manufacturing provisions specified in section fifteen of this Act, or any plates

of the same not made from type set within the limits of the United States, or any copies thereof produced by lithographic or photoengraving process not performed within the limits of the United States, in accordance with the provisions of section fifteen of this Act, shall be, and is hereby, prohibited: Provided, however, That, except as regards piratical copies, such prohibition shall not apply: (a) To works in raised characters for the use of the blind;

(b) To a foreign newspaper or magazine, although containing matter copyrighted in the United States printed or reprinted by authority of the copyright proprietor, unless such newspaper or magazine contains also copyright matter printed or reprinted without such authorization;

(c) To the authorized edition of a book in a foreign language or languages of which only translation into English has been copyrighted in this country.

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(d) To any book published abroad with the authorization of the author or copyright proprietor when imported under the circumstances stated in one of the four subdivisions following, that is to say:

First. When imported, not more than one copy at one time, for individual use and not for sale; but such privilege of importation shall not extend to a foreign reprint of a book by an American author copyrighted in the United States;

Second: When imported by the authority or for the use of the United States;

Third. When imported, for use and not for sale, not more than one copy of any such book in any one invoice, in good faith, by or for any society or institution incorporated for educational, literary, philosophical, scientific, or religious purposes, or for the encouragement of the fine arts, or for any college, academy, school, or seminary of learning, or for any State, school, college, university, or free public library in the United States;

Fourth. When such books form parts of libraries or collections purchased en bloc for the use of societies, institutions, or libraries designated in the foregoing paragraph, or form parts of the libraries or personal baggage belonging to persons or families arriving from foreign countries and are not intended for sale:

Provided, That copies imported as above may not lawfully be used in any way to violate the rights of the proprietor of the American copyright or annul or limit the copyright protection secured by this Act, and such unlawful use shall be deemed an infringement of copyright.

Sec. 41. That the copyright is distinct from the property in the material object copyrighted, and the sale or conveyance, by gift

or otherwise, of the material object shall not of itself constitute a transfer of the copyright, nor shall the assignment of the copyright constitute a transfer of the title to the material object; but nothing in this Act shall be deemed to forbid, prevent, or restrict the transfer of any copy of a copyrighted work the possession of which has been lawfully obtained.

Sec. 42. That copyright secured under this or previous Acts of the United States may be assigned, granted, or mortgaged by an instrument in writing signed by the proprietor of the copyright, or may be bequeathed by will.

Sec. 43. That every assignment of copyright executed in a foreign country shall be acknowledged by the assignor before a consular officer or secretary of legation of the United States authorized by law to administer oaths or perform notarial acts. The certificate of such acknowledgment under the hand and official seal of such consular officer or secretary of legation shall be prima facie evidence of the execution of the instrument.

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Sec. 44. That every assignment of copyright shall be recorded in the copyright office within three calendar months after its execution in the United States or within six calendar months after its execution without the limits of the United States, in default of which it shall be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable consideration, without notice, whose assignment has been duly recorded.

Sec. 46. That when an assignment of the copyright in a specified book or other work has been recorded the assignee may substitute his name for that of the assignor in the statutory notice of copyright prescribed by this Act.

Sec. 62. That in the interpretation and construction of this Act "the date of publication" shall in the case of a work of which copies are reproduced for sale or distribution be held to be the earliest date when copies of the first authorized edition were placed on sale, sold, or publicly distributed by the proprietor of the copyright or under his authority, and the word "author" shall include an employer in the case of works made for hire.

Sec. 63. That all laws or parts of laws in conflict with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed, but nothing in this Act shall affect causes of action for infringement of copyright heretofore committed now pending in courts of the United States, or which may hereafter be instituted; but such causes shall be prosecuted to a conclusion in the manner heretofore provided by law.

Sec. 64. That this Act shall go into effect on the first day of July, nineteen hundred and nine.

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CHAPTER XIV.

ARMIES OF THE WORLD.

INFANTRY.

The real basis of the infantry organization of all foreign armies is the battalion. Except for England, the typical battalion is composed of 4 companies and has a strength on the war footing of some 20 to 25 officers and 900 to 1,100 men, counting from about 900 to 1,000 rifles. In England the battalion numbers 8 companies and counts about 860 rifles on the war footing.

In speaking of a foreign battalion it must, therefore, be borne in mind that its fighting strength is roughly equal to that of two of our battalions.

CAVALRY.

The basis of all foreign cavalry organization is the squadron. The foreign squadron numbers on a war footing from 120 to 150 sabers. Regiments contain from 3 to 6 squadrons.

It will therefore be noted that in speaking of a foreign squadron we mean a force of about one-half the strength of the United States squadron. Similarly, the cavalry regiment of foreign services is about one-half, or less, the strength of our regiments.

FIELD ARTILLERY.

The battery is usually taken as the unit of field artillery organization. For the purposes of comparison a more correct unit is the battalion.

Leaving Russia aside, it may be said that there are two great systems of field artillery organization. These may be called, naming them after their great exponents, the French and the German. The essential differences between these two systems may be suinmarized as follows:

The French system takes 4 guns as the firing unit, the battery, and assigns all of the ammunition which should be available upon entry into action to the battery; batteries count

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In both systems the number of firing batteries in the battalion is three; the German system having an additional battery for ammunition gives that system 4 battery organizations to the battalion.

Under the German system the strength of firing batteries is about 5 officers and 150 men and that of ammunition batteries is 4 officers and 188 men. The strength of battalion staffs is not dependent upon the particular system.

FORTRESS ARTILLERY.

In most foreign services all artillery is on one list. That branch of artillery known as fortress artillery has no counterpart in our service. Fortress artillery garrisons the land fortresses of the country and furnishes artillery of various types to the mobile troops. The amount of mobile artillery which would be provided by the foot artillery in war is naturally dependent upon the character of the war, whether offensive or defensive, etc. It is, therefore, impossible to say by how much the artillery with the mobile troops, as shown in the tables, would be augmented in war.

COAST ARTILLERY.

The coast artillery shown for Germany does not give a correct idea, for many of the coast fortifications of that country are garrisoned by marines.

SANITARY TROOPS.

While the number of sanitary troops shown by the tables is small for foreign armies as compared with the number maintained by the United States, it should be borne in mind that in war much of the "bearer and firstaid duty" is performed in foreign services by men drawn from and forming part of the line. Furthermore, drivers for ambulances and for other nontechnical purposes are drawn from the train. The necessity for maintaining a nucleus in peace for expansion in war does not therefore exist in the same degree in foreign countries as in the United States. Similar remarks are, however, true for services other than sanitary.

EXPANSION ON MOBILIZATION.

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signed to organizations, and in those organizations complete equipment of every kind and description is so stored as to facilitate immediate issue. Every horse in civil life has its place assigned and its owner is warned as to where it is to be turned in on mobilization; the same is true of vehicles. In the formation of certain classes of trains the Government simply directs teamsters with their teams, harness, and wagons to report at previously specified places. It is thus simply a matter of hours for the great powers to mobilize.

Inasmuch as the frontiers of possible enemies adjoin their own, and the functioning of the mobilization of those enemies is equally complete, all nations on the continent of Europe maintain their cavalry and horse artillery at practically war strength and station those arms on the frontiers to secure the few hours which are necessary for mobilization.

In all foreign countries of any consequence large numbers of fully trained exist. These men are asTABLE SHOWING PEACE STRENGTH, BY ARMS OF THE SERVICE. ONLY OFFICERS AND MEN WITH THE COLORS ARE CONSIDERED.

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1 Includes miscellaneous organizations, staffs, school detachments, etc.
Includes troops stationed in Algiers and Tunis and such colonial troops as are stationed in France.
3 Common army only. For Landwehr, see study on Austria.

4 Regular army only. Indian army, colonial forces, and territorial forces are mentioned in study on England. Territorial force (British Isles) numbers 315,408. Canadian permanent force and organized militia numbers 67,037.

5 Based on Army List, 20 November, 1910. The Porto Rican Regiment is counted as infantry. Technical troops include Engineers and Signal Corps. 8,000 recruits included in total. 5,000 Philippine Scouts are not counted.

ARMIES OF THE MINOR POWERS.

The number of men, peace and war footing, of the minor powers, is estimated as follows: Belgium, a peace footing of 47,000 men; war footing, 188,000; Bulgaria, peace footing, 57,800; war footing, 375,000; China, peace footing, 240,000 trained men; Denmark, peace footing, 12,000; war footing, 66,000; India (British), peace footing, 162,000; war footing, 220,000 (native troops only); Greece;

peace footing, 20,000; war footing, 100,000; Holland, peace footing, 34,000; war footing, 175,000; Roumania, peace footing, 93,000; war footing, 350,000; Spain, peace footing, 115,000; war footing, 500,000; Sweden, peace footing, 69,000; war footing, 420,000; Switzerland, peace footing, 21,000; footing, 270.000; Turkey, peace footing, 375,000; war footing, 1,000,000.

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