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RAILWAYS OF CANADA,

STATISTICS OF THE RAILWAYS OF THE DOMINION FOR THE YEARS ENDING JUNE 30, 1908, 1910 AND 1911.

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CANADIAN RAILWAYS.

ACCIDENTS, ELECTRIC RAILWAYS.- In 1910 the killed numbered 14 passengers, 13 employees, 68 others; total 95. Injured, 1,595 passengers, 227 employees, 716 others; total 2,538.

ACCIDENTS, STEAM RAILWAYS, 1910.-Passengers, 60 killed, 270 injured; employees, 214 and 926; trespassers, 175 and 148; non-trespassers. 74 and 77; postal clerks, 1 and 20. Total killed, 524; injured, 1,441.

CAPITAL INVESTED IN CANADIAN STEAM RAILWAYS.-In 1910 the total capital invested in Steam Railways was: $1,410,297,687 composed of shares, $687,557,387, and funded debt, $722,740,300; in Electric Railways, $102,044,979, including shares $58,653,826, and funded debt, $43.391.153.

EARNINGS of STEAM RAILWAYS.-Net earnings for all railways in 1910, $53,550,776; operating expenses, $120,405,440.

ELECTRIC RAILWAY STATISTICS.-In 1910, paid-up capital invested, $102,044,979; mileage, 1,047; gross earnings, $17,100,789; operating expenses, $10,121.781. Net earnings, $5,383,276. Passengers carried, 237,655,074. Freight carried, 852,204

tons.

EXPRESS AND TELEGRAPH COMPANIES.-The Dominion Express Co. and the C. P. R. Telegraph operate along the lines of the Canadian Pacific Ry. The Canadian Northern Express Co. and the Canadian Northern Telegraph Co. along the lines of the Canadian Northern Ry., and the Canadian Express Co. (Pres., Chas. M. Hays; Vice-Pres., James Bryce), with the Great North-Western Telegraph Co., operates along the lines of the G. T. Ry. This, the first Express Co. in Canada, was founded as the British N. America Co. in 1854, and reorganized in 1865.

The

GRAND TRUNK PACIFIC.-The main line, Moncton, N. B., to Prince Rupert, B. C., with 3,560 miles, will be entirely on Canadian soil, forming a link on the proposed All-Red Route. The line between Winnipeg and Edson, 923 miles, also also between Westfort and Lake Superior Junction, 189 miles, is completed. section between Winnipeg and Lake Superior Junction is also nearing completion. This will give a continuous track from Port Arthur and Ft. William to Edson, 1,370 miles. Construction easterly from Prince Rupert was begun early in 1908, and steel has been laid on 100 miles of completed grade, and will be laid a distance of 140 miles more before the close of 1911. Commercial telegraph service of G. T. P. Tel. Co. now in operation between Winnipeg and Edmonton, Alta., 792 miles. Branch lines contemplated aggregate 5,000 miles. The G. T. P. will operate Atlantic, Pacific and Lake fleets of steamers. A new daily passenger service was inaugurated between Winnipeg and Edmonton, in July. 1910, with standard sleeping cars, parlor-library, café car, and modern day coaches.

HUDSON BAY ROUTE.-From varied expert opinions, optimistic and the reverse, it may be fairly concluded that the route is open for navigation from about 15th July to about 15th October. The Canadian Northern Railway have built a line from Winnipeg to the Pas on the Saskatchewan River From there to Fort Churchill the distance is 465 miles; to Port Nelson, 397 miles. This route will effect an average shortening of the distance from the Western wheat fields to the Atlantic seaboard of 970 miles. The distance to Liverpool from Churchill is 2,946 miles, from Montreal via Belle Isle 2.761, and via Cape Race, 2.927 miles. from New York 3.079 miles. The freight upon grain from the wheat belt to Hudson Bay would approximate 10 cents a bushel, a saving of 15 cents on carriage to the Atlantic seaboard, or $3.000,000 annually on an export trade of 20 million bushels via this route. On cattle shipments from Calgary there would be effected a saving in freight of 60 cents per 100 lbs.. as well as a saving in deterioration. The entrance to the harbor at Fort Churchill is about 2,000 ft. wide, with a minimum depth of 10 fathoms. More dredging would have to be done at Port Nelson than Ft. Churchill, but reports of the Hudson's Bay Co., 1824 to 1894, show that on an average Ft. Churchill harbor is open 5 months, and Port Nelson 7 months in the year. Write for pamphlet. "The Hudson Bay Route." to the Department of the Interior, Ottawa. See Report Department of Railways and Canals. 1909. For resources of Hudson Bay District, see under Agriculture, Agricultural Lands, Mining and Forests.

MILEAGE STEAM RAILWAYS IN OPERATION.—16 miles in 1836, date of first railway; 16 in 1846; 1,414 in 1856; 2.278 in 1866; 5.218 in 1876; 11.793 in 1886; 16,270 in 1896; 21,353 in 1906; 22,452 in 1907; 22.966 in 1908; 24,104 in 1909; 24,731 in 1910.

TRAFFIC STEAM RAILWAYS.-In 1875 there were carried 5.190,416 passengers and 5,670,837 tons of freight (2.000 lbs.). In 1885. 9,672,599 and 14.659.271: in 1895, 13.987.580 and 21.524.421: in 1906. 27,989,782 and 57.966.713: in 1907. 32,137. 319 and 63.866,135; in 1908. 34.044.992 and 63,071.167: in 1909, 32.688.309 and 66,842,258; and in 1910, 35,895,575 passengers and 74,482,866 tons of freight.

NATIONAL TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILWAY.-Under agreements dated 29th July 1903, and 18th February, 1904, ratified by Parliament the Grand Trunk Pacific Co. agreed in respect of the construction of a railway between Moncton, N. B., and Port Simpson, or some other port in B. C.-the eastern division, from Winnipeg to Moncton, to be constructed by the Dominion Government under four Commissioners, and leased for 50 years at a rental of 3 per cent. on cost of construction, the first 7 years to be free; the western division, from Winnipeg to Prince Rupert, B. C., to be constructed by the company. The Government to guarantee the company's bonds sufficient to meet cost of construction, such not to exceed $13,000 per mile on the prairie section. The entire line between Winnipeg and Moncton, 1,804.84 miles, is under contract. The work between Winnipeg and Moncton, N. B., is well under way, and the section between Winnipeg and Lake Superior Junction is open for operation. The total expenditure by the Commission up to 31st March, 1911, amounted to $95,406,697.61. See also under Grand Trunk Pacific. For Commissioner and Chief Officers see Heaton's Annual under Official Directory.

QUEBEC BRIDGE.-It is expected that the new bridge on the I. C. R. across the St. Lawrence River near Quebec will be ready for traffic in 1915. The contract has been let to the St. Lawrence Bridge Co., a Canadian concern. Total estimated cost, $12,000,000. The length of the central span is to be 1,800 ft., 90 ft. longer than the span of the Forth bridge, total length 3,228 ft., width 88 ft. The bridge will accommodate a double-track railway, and has a 4 ft. footpath on each side. This is the largest cantilever bridge in the world. Write Sec. Rys. and Canals, Ottawa.

PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD'S NEW TERMINAL.

During the first year, ending November 27, 1911, the Pennsylvania Railroad's New Terminal in New York City sold 1,929,320 tickets. Trains to the number of 111,942 passed in and out of the station and of this number 99 per cent. were on time. There were 1,500,000

pieces of baggage handled.

The number of telephone calls was 377,714 and the taxicabs called numbered 230,197.

The

Pennsylvania-Hudson-Manhattan rapid transit service between New York City and Newark commenced operation November 26, 1911.

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Copyright 1911, Munn & Co., Inc.

NEW GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL, NEW YORK CITY.

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COMPARISON SHOWING THE HUGE AMOUNT OF EXCAVATION FOR COMPLETED PANAMA CANAL.

The total of 195,000,000 cubic yards would build about 8 miles of Pyramids each of the size of Great Pyramid of Cheops. Loaded on flat cars it would represent a train 96,000 miles in length.

CHAPTER VIII.

THE PANAMA CANAL.

Compiled by the Secretary of the Isthmian Canal Commission.

The entire length of the Panama Canal from deep water in the Atlantic to deep water in the Pacific is about 50 miles. Its length from shore-line to shore-line is about 40 miles, In passing through it from the Atlantic to the Pacific, a vessel will enter the approach channel in Limon Bay, which will have a bottom width of 500 feet and extend to Gatun, a distance of about seven miles. At Gatun, it will enter a series of three locks in flight and be lifted 85 feet to the level of Gatun Lake. It may steam at full speed through this lake, in a channel varying from 1,000 to 500 feet in width, for a distance of about 24 miles, to Bas Obispo, where it will enter the Culebra Cut. It will pass through the Cut, a distance of about nine miles, in a channel with a bottom width of 300 feet, to Pedro Miguel. There it will enter a lock and be lowered 30% feet to a small lake, at an elevation of 54% feet above sea level, and will pass through this for about 11⁄2 miles to Miraflores. There it will enter two locks in series and be lowered to sea level, passing out into the Pacific through a channel about 81⁄2 miles in length, with a bottom width of 500 feet. The depth of the approach channel on the Atlantic side, where the maximum tidal oscillation is 21⁄2 feet, will be 41 feet at mean tide, and on the Pacific side, where the maximum oscillation is 21 feet, the depth will be 45 feet at mean tide.

Throughout the first 16 miles from Gatun, the width of the Lake channel will be 1,000 feet; then for 4 miles it will be 800 feet, and for 4 miles more to the northern entrance of Culbra Cut at Bas Obispo, it will be 500 feet. The depth will vary from 85 to 45 feet. The water level in the Cut will be that of the Lake, the depth 45 feet, and the bottom width of the channel 300 feet.

Three hundred feet is the minimum bottom width of the Canal. This width begins about half a mile above Pedro Miguel locks and extends about 8 miles through Culebra Cut, with the exception that at all angles the channel is widened sufficiently to allow a thousandfoot vessel to make the turn. The Cut has eight angles, or about one to every mile. The 300-foot widths are only on tangents between the turning basins at the angles. The smallest of these angles is 7° 36′ and the largest 30°.

In the whole Canal there are 22 angles, the total curvature being 600° 51'. Of this curvature, 281° 10' are measured to the right, going south, and 319° 41' to the left. The sharpest curve occurs at Tabernilla, and is 67° 10'.

GATUN DAM.

The Gatun Dam, which will form Gatun Lake by impounding the waters of the Chagres and its tributaries, will be nearly 11⁄2 miles long, measured on its crest, nearly 1⁄2 mile wide at its base, about 400 feet wide at the water surface, about 100 feet wide at the top, and its crest as planned, will be at an elevation of 115 feet above mean sea level, or 30 feet above the normal level of the Lake. Of the total length of the Dam only 500 feet, or 15, will be exposed to the maximum water head of 85 feet. The interior of the Dam will be formed of a natural mixture of sand and clay, dredged by hydraulic process from pits above and below the Dam, and placed between two large masses of rock and miscellaneous material obtained from steam shovel excavation at various points along the Canal. The top and upstream slope will be thoroughly riprapped. The entire Dam will contain about 21,000,000 cubic yards of material,

The Spillway is a concrete lined opening, 1,200 feet long and 300 feet wide, cut through a hill of rock nearly in the center of the Dam, the bottom of the opening being 10 feet above sea level. It will contain about 225,000 cubic yards of concrete. During the construction of the Dam, all the water discharged from the Chagres and its tributaries flowed through this opening. Construction has now advanced sufficiently to permit the Lake to be formed, and the Spillway has been closed with a concrete dam, which is being fitted with gates and machinery for regulating the water level of the Lake.

WATER SUPPLY OF GATUN LAKE.

Gatun Lake will impound the waters of a basin comprising 1,320 square miles. When the surface of the water is at 85 feet above sea level, the Lake will have an area of about 164 square miles, and will contain about 206 billion cubic feet of water. During eight or nine months of the year, the lake will be kept constantly full by the prevailing rains, and consequently a surplus will need to be stored for only three or four months of the dry season. The smallest run-off of water in the basin, during the past 21 years, as measured at Gatun, was about 146 billion cubic feet. In 1910 the run-off was 360 billion cubic feet, or a sufficient quantity to fill the lake one and a half times. The water surface of the Lake will be maintained during the rainy season at 87 feet above sea level, making the minimum channel depth in the Canal 47 feet. navigation can be carried on with about 41 feet of water, there will be stored for dry

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