There were introduced by initiative petition six amendments to the Constitution and five laws. The woman suffrage amendment received the largest vote of any measure considered as it did two years ago. It was defeated by a vote of 36,858 for, to 58,507 against. The majority against the measure in 1906 was 10,173. This year it was more than twice as large. The women of the State are divided on the question which may account for the fact that the amendment has been defeated four times. The amendment in the nature of a single tax aroused great interest. It exempted all property from taxation except land, business blocks, improvement of public service corporations, money and credits. That would have left dwellings, furniture, manufacturing plants, live stock, implements and improvements generally, free from taxes. The amendment was much discussed and finally defeated by a vote of 32,066 for, to 60,871 against. An amendment giving municipalities independence of the State criminal laws in the matter of regulating pool rooms, saloons and gambling was defeated by a vote of 39,442 for, to 52,346 against. An amendment permitting the legislature to pass a law for the recall of public officers on the filing of a petition for the purpose was adopted by a vote of 58,381 for, to 30,002 against. The amendment provided that not more than 25 per cent of the voters should be required to sign such petition for a recall and a new election. No official may be discharged until after six months' service except members of the legislature where resignation may be demanded five days after the beginning of their first session. The reason for the recall shall be printed on the sample ballot within the limit of 200 words and the official recalled shall be permitted the same number of words in defense.

An amendment permitting the legislature to pass a law providing for proportional representation was adopted by a vote of 48,868 for, to 34,128 against. Provision may be made for the expression of first, second and additional choices of a candidate by the voters. This amendment is very possibly the most important measure adopted in Oregon this year, but the difficulties in the way of securing an effective law, as indicated by the various experiments in the United States and elsewhere, leaves the question more or less open to debate. However, the spirit underlying the gerrymander cannot be considered as permanently established in a democracy. An amendment withdrawing the power of prosecuting attorneys to file an information for crime was adopted by a vote of 52,214 for, to 28,487 against.

Of the laws proposed by initiative petition, the one directing the legislature to vote for the people's choice for senator has been mentioned.

An act to divide a county was adopted by a vote of 43,918 for, to 26,778 against. An amendment adopted in 1906 giving absolute home rule to municipalities, subject to the constitution and criminal laws, according to a recent decision of the supreme court, deprives the legislature of the power of creating new counties. A corrupt practices act was adopted by a vote of 54,042 for, to 31,301 against. It is an unusually long and detailed act to be adopted at the polls, but the last legislature declined to act in the matter. The intention of the act is to place poor men on an equality with rich men in making a campaign for public office. The act limits expenditures to 15 per cent of a year's salary in the nominating campaign and 10 per cent in the electing campaign, aside from money paid to the State for printing. The State is required to circul te campaign literature. Corporation contributions are forbidden, and detailed expense accounts are required to be filed by the candidates. A candidate's friends may speak and write for him without pay, or publish writings, but the difficulties in the way of giving much assistance are very great. All solicitation on election day is absolutely barred. There were two laws introduced to regulate the salmon fisheries of the Columbia river. The lower-river fishermen proposed an act to abolish all the gear of the upper-river fishermen. It was adopted by a vote of 58,130 for, to 30,280 against. The upper-river fishermen proposed a law limiting the length of seines and abolishing fishing in the navigable channels of the lower river and stopping fishing at night in all other portions of the river. The law was adopted by a vote of 46,582 for, to 40,720 against. The legislature has never succeeded in securing a suitable law regulating the fisheries because of the conflicting interests. The "interests" tried to regulate each other this year and the voters agreed to both propositions. It may pave the way for a reasonable law on the subject by the legislature.

The election on the whole did not commit the people to any manifest absurdities. The distinctly bad measures were defeated. The measures looking towards desirable reforms cannot be condemned until they have been tried. Two years ago, the measures submitted received on an average 75 per cent of the total vote cast. This year with nineteen measures to be voted upon all over the State besides some local questions and various candidates, the average vote on legislative questions and amendments was 74 per cent of the total. The ballot which I marked on June 1 called for a vote on thirty-seven candidates for office and twenty questions of laws and amendments. The prohibition movement added a number of counties to the "dry" list this year.

There is no feeling in Oregon that the people are going to usurp the business of the legislature, though the ballot this year does look like it. The legislature has all the work it can do and if it is so inclined can forestall legislation at the polls, except upon propositions like the single tax. Voting on such questions is the penalty of popular law-making, but the results are reassuring. There is no question of the continued interest of the people and the average public opinion seems to be at least as sensible as what Mr. F. N. Judson has called the deliberate representative judgment.

PERSONAL AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL

J. W. GARNER

In order that, beginning with 1909, the volume of the REVIEW may correspond with the calendar year, no August, 1908, number was issued. The present number completes volume two.

The FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION will be held in Washington, D. C., and Richmond, Va., December 28 to 31. At the first session, to be held jointly with the American Historical Association, Monday evening, December 28, in Washington, the President of the Association, Mr. James Bryce, will deliver his address. The Tuesday morning session, also to be held in Washington, will be devoted to papers dealing with questions of international law. In the afternoon a special train will take members of the two associations to Richmond, where sessions will be held until Thursday afternoon, the general topics being recent State constitutions, municipal government, the increase of federal power and influence, the problems of colonial government as revealed by ten years' experience in Porto Rico and the Philippines, and the teaching of political science.

The recent death of Prof. Felix Stoerk in his fifty-seventh year was a distinct loss to the science of international law and politics. Dr. Stoerk was born in Austria and received his doctorate from the University of Vienna. From 1878 to the time of his death he was a prolific contributor to the literature of political science and international law. It was to the Revue de droit international et de législation comparée and the Journal de droit international privé that most of his contributions were made, though he occasionally published articles in other periodicals. In

1879 he published a work entitled Option und Plebiszit bei Eroberungen und Gebietszessionen which increased his reputation, and three years later he received a call to the chair of constitutional and international law at Greifswald, a position which he held until his death. In 1886 with Laband of Strassburg he founded the Archiv für öffentliches Recht? and in the following year he made two notable contributions to Holtzendorff's Handbuch des Völkerrechts under the titles Das offene Meer and Staats Untertanen und Fremde. In the same year he undertook the task of bringing up to date Martens' Recueil général des traités. One of his latest works was a study in German constitutional law being a contribution to the Lippe-Detmold succession controversy under the title Die agnatische Thronfolge im Fürstentum Lippe, published in 1903. His last work was a paper entitled Völkerrecht und Völkercourtoisie, contributed to the Laband Festschriften recently published and to which reference is made below.

Dr. Gustav Anchütz, professor of constitutional and ecclesiastical law in the University of Heidelberg, has been called to the University of Berlin. Dr. Anschütz is one of the most distinguished of the German publicists. One of his most notable contributions is the article on German Constitutional Law in the Holtzendorff-Kohler Encyclopædia of Law, 1904. Dr. Anschütz before going to Heidelberg was a professor at Tübingen.

Dr. Fritz Fleiner, professor of public law at Tübingen, has been called to a similar chair at Heidelberg.

Dr. George Adler, professor of political science in the University of Kiel, died June 11, in Berlin, in the fifty-fifth year of his age.

Adolf Frantz, the distinguished professor of ecclesiastical and constitutional law in the University of Kiel, died in July in the fifty-sixth year of his age. Dr. Frantz was the author of Die Literatur des Kirchenrechts and Lehrbuch des Kirchenrechts.

Samuel E. Moffett, a member of the American Political Science Association, an editorial writer and an author of various political and economical works, died suddenly at his home in New York, August 1, in his forty-fifth year. He was a native of California, received the Ph.D. degree at Columbia, and at different times was a member of the editorial

staffs of various metropolitan newspapers. At the time of his death he was a member of the editoral staff of Collier's Weekly.

Sir William Randal Cremer, founder of the Interparliamentary Union and one of the most active leaders in the peace movement, died on July 22 at the age of seventy. In 1903 he received the Nobel Peace Prize of $40,000 which he gave to the International Arbitration League, of which he had long been secretary.

Dr. Burt Estes Howard has been appointed professor of political science in the Leland Stanford University. Mr. Howard graduated from Western Reserve University and did his graduate work at Harvard, Berlin and Heidelberg, from which latter institution he received the Ph.D. degree in 1904. He is the author of a monograph entitled Amerikanische Bürgerrecht and an excellent book on the German Empire published two years ago, and reviewed in the last number of the Review.

Mr. Thomas Reed Powell has been appointed associate in political science at the University of Illinois. Mr. Powell is a graduate of the University of Vermont and of the Harvard Law School. He has also completed his residence requirements for the Ph.D. degree at Columbia. In the absence of Professor Goodnow during the past year Mr. Powel had charge of his courses in administrative law and the law of taxation.

The David A. Wells professorship of political science at Williams College, recently made vacant by the death of Henry Loomis Nelson, will be filled for the time by the president, Mr. H. A. Garfield, who it is understood, will do as much teaching in connection with the position as his administrative duties will permit.

Mosei Jakovievich Ostrogorski, the distinguished Russian scholar and the author of Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties, published in 1902, has been spending the autumn in the United States studying the American electoral system and the method of conducting a presidential campaign.

Prof. Stephen Leacock, of McGill University, after a year's leave of absence, has resumed his academic duties. During the year Professor Leacock under the auspices of the Rhodes trust, made a tour of the British empire for the purpose of stimulating public interest in some of the important questions of imperial concern in the self-governing colonies.