PHOTOGRAPHIC SCHOOLS OF INSTRUCTION.

AMERICAN.

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF ART AND PHOTOGRAPHY, SCRANTON, PA. (Correspondence).

ANN HARBOR UNIVERSITY, MICHIGAN. Director, Prof. A. B. Stevens. Theory and Practice; Special Instructions in Photo-micrography; Lectures on Photo-mechanical Processes. It is obligatory for the students to have passed two courses in Chemistry. Examination and Diplomas.

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK, N. Y. Practical Instruction is given to a limited number of men in the Photographic Laboratories of the College, in the Technique of Photography, Photo-micrography, and Skiagraphy for Scientific Purposes. The time necessary for the acquirement of this technique varies with the facility of the student and the hours devoted to the theme, and is subject to special arrangement. The facilities of these Laboratories may be drawn upon for purposes of record and illustration by Instructors in various Departments of the College and by others. Instructor, Ed. Leaming, M. D.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N. Y. Instructors, Assistant Professor Moler and Messrs. Hotchkiss and Sharp. One lecture a week, with Laboratory practice, during the spring term. An advanced course in Problems in Photography is also offered. A certain knowledge of Chemistry and Physics is obligatory. Courses only open to students taking the usual amount of other work.

EUROPEAN.

PHOTOGRAPHICAL LABORATORY OF THE POLYTECHNICUM IN CHARLOTTENBURG, BERLIN. Prof. Schlichting, Director. Prof. Dr. H. W. Vogel. Instructor. Chemistry, Physics, Drawing, Practical Exercises and Photo-mechanical Printing Methods.

BRAUNSCHWEIG DEPARTMENT OF POLYTECHNICAL SCHOOL, Prof. Dr. C. Koppe and Dr. Max Muller. Theory and Practice; Photo-micrography; Photo-grammetry.

KARLSRUHE, BADEN. Prof. Dr. Schuberg. Theory and Practice in Studio and Field; Lectures.

MUNICH, BAVARIA. Dr. H. Th. Edmann. Photography applied to the Mechanical Arts.

MUNICH, BAVARIA.

School of Photographic Instruction and Experiment. Two Years' Course. Director, G. H. Emmerich, and seven assistants.

SCHLOSS GRONENBACH, BAVARIA. W. Cronenberg. Mechanical Printing Methods; Wet and Dry Processes.

IMPERIAL POLYTECHNICUM, VIENNA, AUSTRIA. Prof. Dr. Joseph M Eder. Elements of Photography and Photo-chemistry; Reproduction Methods.

IMPERIAL INSTITUTE FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PRACTICE, REPRODUCTION METHODS, AND MECHANICAL PRINTING, VIENNA, AUSTRIA. Prof. Dr. Joseph M. Eder, Director. Profs. Hans Lenhardt, Alex. Lainer, I. Hörwater, C. Jasper, Instructors. Two Courses of Instruction. Drawing; Chemistry: Optics; Theories of Photographic Processes; Retouching Positives.

The American Annual of Photography · · 1908

THE SIZE OF THE CAMERA.

W

By CHESTER B. DURYEA.

HILE satisfactory choice of size for general utility cameras might seem at first sight rather an arbitrary matter, dependent more on mere personal fancy than upon important philosophical considerations, such in fact is not really the case. This statement is hardly startling news to the initiated, but a fairly broad observation warrants the conclusion that there is much confusion and vagueness of thought respecting this question among even tolerably experienced photographers, and of course the tyro, unless well advised, is at a great disadvantage. There is naturally room for considerable difference of enlightened opinion regarding the details of the subject.

These incomplete and tentative notes are only intended to serve as an aid to the relatively inexperienced, but not wholly uninformed, in order to help them to avoid those unquestionably incorrect ideas and vacillating courses of procedure relating to the matter, which we have all more or less shared, and which lead to so much discouragement, unnecessary expense, and inferior results, through the use of unsuitable apparatus.

At the very outset it is well to remember that, aside from the question of portability and initial outlay, it is not so much. the size of cameras and plates which makes a rational selection necessary, if photography is to be pursued effectively, both as regards results and the facility of their attainment, as it is those limitations imposed by the widely varying optical qualities of lenses of different foci and relative apertures. In view of the

obvious absurdity of customarily using portable cameras built for plates larger than the ones most suitable for the lenses generally employed, cameras and lenses will be considered here as related to each other in their most mutually efficient way.

For the sake of simplicity even at the cost of some repetition,, stand and hand cameras will be treated separately, although there is no sharp line of demarcation between the two varieties. In this classification, irrespective of size, stand cameras are understood to be all portable cameras generally used upon a stand, with exposures from about one-eighth second up; and hand cameras those customarily operated without artificial support, with exposures ranging down from about one-eighth second to very brief intervals of time. Furthermore, as the factor of expense is a purely personal one, it will be referred to only incidentally, and not given the same force as the more uniform element of portability, and those fixed considerations based upon optical and chemical laws.

Stand Cameras. Convenient divisions would here seem to be: 1st. - Cameras taking plates from 34" x 44" to 61⁄2" x 81⁄2". 2nd. - 8" x 10" cameras. 3rd. Cameras larger than 8" x 10". The reasons for this classification will appear as we proceed.

By now no doubt every one knows that relatively long focus lenses are necessary in order to get pleasing perspective, simple arrangement, etc.; lenses with equivalent foci certainly not less than the diagonal of the plate employed, and far better for general use about double the base line of the picture. Moreover, where bodies of water are situated in the foreground, where moving clouds, wreaths of mist, and various wind motions are present, very brief exposures (4 second or less) are frequently unavoidable. Besides, orthochromatic plates with appropriate color screens, increasing the normal exposure from three to eighteen or more times, are likewise no longer considered optional, but on the contrary quite essential to reasonably correct rendition of multi-colored subjects.

Applying the principle of these considerations to the wholeplate size (61⁄2 x 82) many find that the most useful lenses approach or even exceed 16 inches equivalent focus. Now substantially normal exposure is, of course, the most important