Trade Liberalization and Poverty: A HandbookCentre for Economic Policy Research, 2001 - 405 lappuses Sponsored by the UK Department for International Development, this book deals directly with concerns that reform may have adverse effects on poverty in developing countries. The first part of the book recaps the current debates over trade policy and anti-poverty policy and the connections between them. The second part explores ten areas of trade policy that are likely to figure in future trade negotiations and examines the possible impact upon poverty in each case. The authors argue that the poverty impact of trade liberalization is extremely country specific, being pro-poor in some cases and anti-poor in others. However, they believe that it is better to tackle poverty concerns directly (for example, by safety nets and investments to facilitate structural reform) rather than through the continuation of protectionist policies. Given the popular suspicions about trade liberalization, this handbook will make an important contribution to debate on globalization and poverty. |
Saturs
About this Handbook | 3 |
11 Why poverty matters | 4 |
12 Why trade liberalization matters | 5 |
13 Why the links matter | 6 |
14 What economists bring to the debate | 8 |
15 Main lessons | 10 |
The Debate over Trade Liberalization | 13 |
21 What is openness? | 14 |
96 Developed country trade policies and poverty | 198 |
962 Market access for tropical products | 200 |
964 Reductions in export subsidies and domestic support | 201 |
965 Letting price signals work | 202 |
97 Conclusion | 203 |
Annex to Chapter 9 | 205 |
Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights TRIPs | 208 |
102 The economics of TRIPs | 210 |
22 The costs and benefits of openness | 15 |
222 Costs of openness | 16 |
23 Openness prices and competition | 17 |
24 Openness growth and technology | 21 |
242 Openness and growth in practice | 23 |
243 Pathways of influence | 25 |
244 A tentative conclusion | 26 |
25 Openness and volatility | 27 |
252 Empirical evidence | 28 |
26 Openness and politics | 30 |
262 Why is protection the norm? | 31 |
263 Why are trade restrictions used for protection rather than other means? | 33 |
264 Implications for trade liberalization | 34 |
Poverty and the Poor | 37 |
311 Sens concept of poverty | 38 |
312 The World Banks concept of poverty | 40 |
315 Empowerment | 43 |
32 Measuring poverty | 44 |
322 Participatory approaches | 45 |
323 Classifying measures of poverty | 46 |
324 Poverty or inequality? | 49 |
33 The extent of poverty worldwide | 50 |
34 Who are the Poor? | 55 |
35 What causes poverty? | 57 |
351 The interaction of endowments and shocks | 59 |
Linking Trade Liberalization and Poverty A Conceptual Framework | 65 |
41 The individual and the household | 67 |
412 Generalizing the basic view of the household | 69 |
414 Adjusting to trade shocks | 70 |
42 Price transmission | 72 |
422 Indirect effects and the domain of trade | 74 |
profits wages and employment | 75 |
432 The trade approach | 77 |
433 The development approach | 78 |
434 Feedback from the enterprise to the price transmission channel | 80 |
45 Shocks risks and vulnerability | 84 |
46 Growth | 86 |
Previous Approaches to Linking Trade and Poverty | 89 |
51 The antimonde and the role of theory | 91 |
52 Descriptive and qualitative approaches | 92 |
53 Databased approaches | 94 |
54 Modelling approaches | 95 |
541 Partial versus general equilibrium | 97 |
543 Examples of modelling | 98 |
55 Conclusions | 99 |
Annex to Chapter 5 | 101 |
5A2 National level modelling | 103 |
5A22 General equilibrium models | 104 |
5A3 Global level modelling | 107 |
5A32 General equilibrium models | 108 |
Implementing the Conceptual Framework | 110 |
61 Trade reform | 111 |
62 Enterprises | 112 |
621 Production | 116 |
622 Employment and wages | 119 |
63 The distribution network | 123 |
64 Government revenue and expenditure | 128 |
65 Households | 129 |
66 The domain of trade | 133 |
Trade Reform and AntiPoverty Policy | 137 |
71 The impact of a poverty perspective on trade reform | 138 |
712 Sequencing | 140 |
713 Gradualism versus bigbang reform | 141 |
72 Antipoverty programmes as complementary policies to trade reform | 143 |
73 The impact of trade reform on antipoverty programmes | 145 |
74 Trade reform and shortterm adjustment | 146 |
741 How long does unemployment last? | 147 |
75 Transitory and chronic poverty | 148 |
76 Should the losers from trade reform be compensated? | 150 |
761 Experience with compensation schemes in developed countries | 152 |
77 Trade reform and Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers | 153 |
78 Do international agreements constrain antipoverty programmes? | 156 |
782 Inconsistent international commitments and antipoverty policy | 158 |
79 Is reform optional? | 159 |
THE EFFECTS OF SPECIFIC LIBERALIZATIONS | 163 |
Introduction to Part 2 | 165 |
82 Special and differential treatment | 167 |
83 The chapter format of Part 2 | 169 |
Agricultural Trade Reform | 171 |
91 Background | 172 |
92 The economics of agricultural protection | 174 |
922 Developing countries | 175 |
93 The liberalization agenda in agriculture | 176 |
931 The multilateral agenda | 177 |
932 Developing countries | 180 |
933 The cost of agricultural trade restrictions | 181 |
934 The development box and food security | 182 |
935 Sanitary and phytosanitary standards | 183 |
936 Agricultural liberalization by other means | 184 |
937 Regional trading arrangements | 185 |
941 The pattern of net consumption | 186 |
942 The impact of comparative advantage social structures and policy | 187 |
marketing arrangements | 188 |
944 Markets for inputs | 190 |
946 Can the poor respond? | 191 |
95 The effects of liberalizing developing countries trade policies on poverty | 193 |
952 National food security | 194 |
953 Household food security | 195 |
954 Reducing the antiagriculture bias in developing countries | 196 |
making developing country agricultural markets contestable | 197 |
1022 The benefits of protecting IPRs | 211 |
1023 How much protection should be given to intellectual property? | 212 |
1024 Quantifying the costs and benefits of stronger IPRs | 214 |
1025 Public versus private knowledge | 215 |
1031 The TRIPs Agreement | 216 |
1033 To renegotiate or not? | 218 |
1034 Extending protection to developing country interests | 219 |
1035 Weakening the scope of IPR protection | 220 |
104 TRIPs and poverty | 223 |
1043 Fiscal dimensions | 225 |
105 Conclusion | 226 |
Trade in Services | 229 |
111 Background | 230 |
1112 Barriers to trade in services | 231 |
112 The economics of services liberalization | 233 |
1122 Arguments against liberalization | 234 |
1123 The importance of competition and regulation | 235 |
1131 The GATS | 236 |
1132 Service negotiations in future | 237 |
1133 Special circumstances not special and differential treatment | 240 |
1141 The movement of natural persons | 242 |
1142 Financial services | 246 |
1143 Tourism | 248 |
115 Conclusion | 250 |
Liberalizing Manufacturing Trade | 253 |
122 The economics of trade restrictions on manufacturing | 256 |
1221 Tariffs | 257 |
1222 The MultiFibre Arrangement MFA | 259 |
123 Progress on liberalizing trade in manufactures | 260 |
1232 The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing ATC | 262 |
multilateral liberalization and poor countries | 263 |
domestic liberalization and poor groups | 265 |
1252 Jobs | 266 |
1253 Government revenue | 269 |
1254 Growth | 270 |
1255 Ensuring that liberalization of trade in manufactures is propoor | 271 |
126 Conclusion | 273 |
Export and Domestic Subsidies | 275 |
132 The economics of subsidies | 277 |
1322 Factor markets | 278 |
1323 Domestic distortions | 279 |
1324 Technology and growth | 280 |
1326 Shocks and vulnerability | 282 |
133 Subsidies in the Uruguay Round | 283 |
1332 Actionable subsidies | 284 |
135 Subsidies and poverty | 285 |
1351 Direct effects | 286 |
1352 Systemic effects | 288 |
1354 Administering antisubsidy policies | 289 |
Antidumping | 292 |
142 The economics of antidumping | 293 |
143 Antidumping today | 297 |
1432 Prospects for limiting antidumping | 298 |
144 Antidumping and poverty | 299 |
1442 Developing countries antidumping actions | 300 |
145 Conclusion | 301 |
Labour Standards | 303 |
1511 Why is this an issue now? | 304 |
152 The economics and politics of linking labour standards and trade | 306 |
1522 Race to the bottom | 307 |
1524 Legitimacy | 309 |
153 Existing approaches to labour standards | 310 |
154 Current negotiating positions on trade and labour standards | 311 |
155 Labour standards and poverty | 312 |
1552 The link between labour standards and trade | 313 |
1554 Domestic policy is the key | 314 |
156 Conclusion | 317 |
Environmental Standards | 319 |
161 Background | 320 |
162 The economics of trade and environmental standards | 321 |
1622 The polluter pays principle | 323 |
1624 Moral arguments | 324 |
1626 Legitimacy | 325 |
1628 International spillovers | 326 |
165 The current status of negotiations | 328 |
166 Environmental standards trade and poverty | 330 |
1662 Trade policy and the environment | 331 |
1663 Alternatives to trade sanctions | 333 |
167 Conclusion | 334 |
Competition Policy | 336 |
1711 Why is this an issue now? | 337 |
172 The tradeoffs in competition policy | 339 |
173 Progress on multilateral approaches to competition policies | 342 |
1732 EU and US differences | 344 |
1733 Developing countries | 346 |
174 Competition policy and poverty | 347 |
1743 Industrial policy | 349 |
1744 Institutions | 350 |
175 Conclusion | 351 |
Investment and Trade Related Investment Measures TRIMs | 354 |
182 The economics of TRIMs | 356 |
1821 TRIMs as correctives to market failures | 357 |
183 The current status of TRIMs | 359 |
1832 Unilateral policy | 360 |
1833 An investment agreement? | 361 |
184 TRIMs and poverty | 362 |
185 Conclusion | 363 |
Glossary | 365 |
Bibliography | 381 |
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Trade Liberalization and Poverty: A Handbook Neil McCulloch,L. Alan Winters,Xavier Cirera Fragmentu skats - 2001 |