EXAMPLE: Who lives to nature rarely can be poor; who lives to fancy never can be rich.

(3) It is used before " as when employed as an introductory to an example.

EXAMPLE: That which is not permitted or allowed; as, the illicit sale of intoxicants.

3. THE COLON (:)

The colon is used as a sign of apposition or equality to connect one clause with another that explains it, as in introducing a list, a quotation, an enumeration, or a catalog; or to join clauses that are grammatically complete yet closely connected in sense; or to mark any discontinuity in sense or grammatical construction greater than that which is indicated by a semicolon, but not sufficient to require a period or a dash.

(1) It is used to separate one complete clause from another.

EXAMPLES:

The power to bind and loose to Truth is

given:

The mouth that speaks it is the mouth of

Heaven.

Love is the emblem of eternity: it confounds all notions of time: effaces all memory of a beginning, all fear of an end.

(2) It is used in sentences in which the semi

colon has been introduced when a greater pause is required than can be indicated by a semicolon.

EXAMPLE: It surely was not obscurity; it was

not weakness: it was a want of that sensitive
taste which ought to breathe its delicate sense
of fitness into the plainest phraseology.

(3) It is used to introduce a formal quotation.

EXAMPLE: A writer in the Westminster Review

discourses in this fashion:

Another curious

observation upon philosophic activity is that
the coordination of all functions which consti-
tute the whole intellectual energy of philosophic
minds is preserved in its plenitude for only a
short period of their whole duration of life."'

4. THE PERIOD (.)

(1) The period or full stop is used after every complete declarative statement.

EXAMPLE: Consider the end.

(2) After title-headings and side-heads. (3) After most abbreviations.

EXAMPLES:

A. M. for ante meridian; LL. D. for Doctor of Laws; e.g. for exempli gratia (for the sake of example).

(4) After Roman numerals, except when they are used to number pages.

1 Phelps, English Style in Public Discourse, p. 133.

1

5. THE DASH (—)

The dash is used to mark (1) a change of thought or construction, or (2) an emphatic or unexpected pause.

EXAMPLES:

(1) He may live without books-what is knowl-
edge but grieving?

He may live without hope-what is hope
but deceiving?

(2) What say ye? Speak now—now or never.

6. THE INTERROGATION-POINT (?)

The note of interrogation or eroteme is used at the end of a sentence to designate (1) a single question or (2) more, and (3) is sometimes written in parentheses to express a doubt or challenge the accuracy of a statement.

EXAMPLES:

(1) Truths would you teach, or save a sinking
land?

(2) Father of Light! Great God of Heaven!
Hear'st Thou the accents of despair?
Can guilt like man's be e'er forgiven?

Can vice atone for crimes by prayer?
(3) Peru. Manco Capac, with his wife, and
sister Mama Ocello, arrives from China (?), and
claims to have been sent by the Deity to reclaim
the tribes from savage life.

7.-THE EXCLAMATION-MARK (!)

The note of exclamation or ecphoneme is used after a word or phrase to express sudden emotion, and is sometimes repeated for emphasis.

(1) Double quotation-marks or guillemets are used to designate that the matter within them is a direct quotation from another author or is dialogue.

(2) Single quotation-marks are used within double quotation-marks to designate that the matter within them is a quotation from another author or speaker cited by the first author whose matter is printed within the double marks.

EXAMPLES:

"Grant White, referring to Milton, says 'Milton calls Raphael "the affable archangel," and makes Adam say to him, as he is about departing heavenward:

* Gentle to me and affable hath been

Thy condescension, and shall be honored ever
With grateful memory.''

(3) Double quotation-marks are sometimes used in citing titles, as of books, but titles are

often printed in italic type, and when this is done quotation-marks are not used.

9.—PARENTHESES—( )

(1) The parentheses are used to separate an explanatory or qualifying clause, or a sentence inserted in another sentence which is grammatically complete without it.

EXAMPLES:

The wallflower, on each rifted rock,

From liberal blossoms shall breathe down
(Gold blossoms frecked with iron-brown)
Its fragrance.

The columbine is a herbaceous plant of the
crowfoot family (Ranunculacea), with the leaf-
lets shaped like those of the meadow-rue.

(2) They are used also in connection with the titles of books (a) to separate the place and date of publication from the text, thus preserving the continuity of same; (b) to enclose references or figures denoting numerical sections or other divisions; (c) to enclose notes of interrogation inserted to express doubt of the correctness of the statement made.

EXAMPLE: (a) Mrs. Massingbird published "Sickness, Its Trials and Blessings " (London, 1868).

The uses referred to under (b) and (c) above are so frequent as not to require illustration.