Oleoresin Production: A Microscopic Study of the Effects Produced on the Woody Tissues of Southern Pines by Different Methods of TurpentiningU.S. Department of Agriculture, 1922 - 46 lappuses |
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50 trees advance streak amount of summer annual ring annual ring observed appears Apr May June arbitrary tangential extent area an arbitrary average bark bars Camp Pinchot cent chipping at Columbia chipping surface conservative chipping crop cups diameter of microscopic double area double chipping dry-face exudation figure five trees Florida National Forest growth ring gum turpentine hack heartwood height of chipping high yield increase indicated June July Aug lightwood longleaf pine method of chipping method of turpentining Miss narrow chipping Naval Stores number of resin Number of tracheids oleoresin one-half inch parenchyma passages per unit pentining ping practice reduced resin centers resin passages present resiniferous tissue responses ring width rosin round timber sapwood season slash pine specimens standard chipping Table tannin tion total number total yield turpen turpentine operations U. S. Dept unit area unturpentined trees wood formation yield obtained yield of gum
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40. lappuse - Science and the Division of Chemistry and Chemical Technology of the National Research Council.
46. lappuse - ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAT BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OP DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, DC AT 10 CENTS РЕП COPY CONTENTS.
10. lappuse - Later, when the tree is chipped, these secondary ducts are opened along the full length of the cut (fig.
42. lappuse - ... fewer than near the streak, but, nevertheless, were more numerous than in the round timber. The resin passages in the specimens studied were observed in both the open and closed condition, as is shown in the illustrations. Although this increased number of the resin passages, formed after wounding, is an important factor in securing a high yield, they are not, as has been shown, the only or possibly even the chief source of the gum. Provided the size of the timber and the faces and their location...
4. lappuse - H 18 , indicating that turpentine consists almost entirely of carbon and hydrogen. Of the terpenes, the one known as pinene occurs in the highest proportion in spirits of turpentine. Alpha pinene is found to the extent of 80 to 85 per cent in the average pure, fresh, American gum spirits of turpentine. Among the other terpenes which have been found in small quantities...
29. lappuse - ... crystallization and oxidation of the gum. The question of the width of the cut necessary to reopen these ducts resolves itself simply into a determination of the extent of this stoppage. It was intended to reduce by one-half the width of the cut in chipping this crop, but this was found to be impracticable. In spite of continued urging and the closest supervision, the chippers invariably made the cut wider than was desired. This fact is undoubtedly to be ascribed to the character of the free...
2. lappuse - As long ago as the fifth century before Christ, the pines of Macedon were a famous- source of pitch. During the period 315 to 166 BC, Macedon is recorded to have had a distinct monopoly of wood and pitch, which highly valued and important commodities could not be exported without special permission from the ruler. 3 Pitch was obtained by destructive distillation of the heartwood or of especially pitchy chips from wounded trees, or by driving off the water from the exuded gum. Pitch was in great demand...
2. lappuse - Pitch was in great demand for calking the seams of ships, including the war ships of the period, as is related in the case of the " wooden walls of Athens at Salamis." It was also used, for example, as a surface coating for altars and doors or as a sizing or lining for clay storage jars, used as containers for grain and other supplies. Until rather recently mnny of the methods used in the early days of the industry in this country were still in vogue.
29. lappuse - ... supervision, the chippers invariably made the cut wider than was desired. This fact is undoubtedly to be ascribed to the character of the free arm swing used in chipping. To make a further reduction in the width of the cut possible, it would seem that some modified form of the present hack must be used. Nevertheless, in spite of the failure to reduce the width of the cut as much as desired, a considerable decrease was made.
14. lappuse - The number of resin passages per unit area 23 also was often smaller at the end of the season, but was throughout larger than that in the round timber. In 1916 this material was taken wherever a good chip chanced to be cut along the streak. In 1917 care was taken to cut the specimens midway between the peak and the corner in all cases. By comparing figures 1 and 2. it is apparent that marked variations occurred, nevertheless, in the May Juna Juty Au<) Jepr.