of those engaged in domestic service, a very considerable proportion are boys in school or college, who work short hours, and receive small pay together with their board.

The Japanese have to a considerable extent entered into trade, even in lines in which white men have been inclined to compete. Most of the Japanese establishments which compete with white people have started within the last seven or eight years, being run in good part by men who had formerly been wage laborers. More and more, also, they are showing an inclination to seek the patronage of Americans. In attempting to establish themselves, as a rule, they set up establishments on a small scale with only a few employees. They cater first largely to people of their own race as customers. In attempting to compete with the whites, they usually underbid in prices. Very few white persons are employed in Japanese establishments. Usually, where there is competition between the whites and the Japanese, the Japanese work longer hours and pay lower wages. They have, in a number of cases, succeeded in cutting into the business of shopkeepers, especially those located near the Japanese quarters of the city.

SOCIETIES AND GUILDS

The Japanese are pretty well organized into societies and trade guilds. Moreover, they have their own charitable organizations, so that they seldom become public charges. Generally speaking, they make much less trouble than do the Mexicans or many of the Latin races as regards crime and misdemeanors, altho there have been many Japanese women engaged in prostitution.

ASSIMILATION

They have also shown considerable capacity for adopting American customs, much more so than the Chinese or even the Mexicans of the lower working class. They seem desirous to learn western ways and methods, and externally, at any rate, they conform to the customs of the time. They make very earnest efforts to learn English; they take up the studies that the Americans have in their schools; they adopt American dress; and altho in religion they are, as a rule, either free thinkers or Buddhists, still they make no opposition to the Christian faith, and a considerable number of them are professing Christians. It is thought by many that they often join the missions. (and the Chinese are said to have done likewise) for the sake of obtaining good schooling at low rates, but presumably in many cases their belief in the Christian religion is sincere. In spite of this external assimilation they, nevertheless, beyond doubt, maintain their race characteristics to a greater degree than do most of the European races. The difference in color, in ideals particularly, perhaps their competition with laborers, have tended to put them, in the minds of most Americans, largely into the same class as the Chinese. There are very few cases of intermarriage, and in other ways the effort is made to hold them apart as a separate race, even when they themselves apparently manifest a strong desire for assimilation. And this effort appears to grow more earnest in expression and purpose, on the Pacific Coast, as time goes by, and seems not likely soon to change.

ANTI-JAPANESE FEELING

Generally speaking, the Japanese, altho at first received with favor, are now looked upon with dissatisfaction, especially in comparison with the Chinese. The Chinese are considered to be much more trustworthy workmen, much more faithful to their employers, uncomplaining, easily satisfied with living quarters, not ambitious to establish themselves as independent farmers, while the Japanese, on the other hand, are often inclined to take advantage of every opportunity to push themselves forward as regards wages and also socially, even at the expense of violating an existing contract. Apparently now, in California, the preference is strongly for Chinese, in case it should seem best to admit any Asiatic race, but such admission is not considered with general favor, probably will not be, in this generation. The recent laws against land holding in California and Arizona, while applying alike to all Orientals, were doubtless intended primarily to check the acts of the Japanese, who have been much more aggressive than the other Oriental races.

The East Indians or Hindus

NUMBER

It is only of late years, especially since 1905, that the East Indians have come in large numbers into the United States. The Census of 1910 showed, for the year 1900, only 2,031 persons in the United States who had been born in India; for 1910 the number given was 4,664. These were nearly all of the student and business classes, and were largely settled in

the Eastern States. In 1906 the number arriving in the United States was 271; in 1907, 1,072; in 1908, 1,710. Of immigrants proper in 1909, 337 were reported by the Immigration Bureau; in 1909-10, from July to July, 1,782. The later arrivals are oftener of the wage-earning class. Probably at the present time, 1913, there are some 5,000 in the United States, about 85 per cent. being Hindus wearing the turbans, the others being Mohammedans, or Afghans.

IMMIGRATION FROM CANADA

The beginning of the immigration to America was, as is perhaps natural, into Canada, a British Colony. They came first largely from the efforts of steamship agents and contractors who were employing laborers for British Columbia corporations. After arriving in British Columbia they had their attention turned toward the United States, partly on account of the warmer climate, more nearly like that to which they were accustomed, partly on account of the higher rates of wages; and after they had begun coming into the United States they, reporting back home to their friends, brought many others after them.

The Canadian authorities took rather rigid means of excluding them from coming in large numbers to Canada: first, by increasing the amount of money that they should have in their possession from $25 to $200; second, by not permitting them to come unless they came by direct route without change of ship, a matter that was almost impossible; third, in part also, by direct arrangements with the steamship companies.

EXCLUSION AS LIABLE TO BECOME PUBLIC CHARGES

In the United States, inasmuch as they have been so disliked by the other working classes, and also by employers, it has been difficult for them to find work, so that the immigration authorities have felt justified in excluding many of them on the ground that they might become public charges, even tho they have $25 or more in their possession and are in good physical condition. Altho 4,901 East Indians were admitted to the United States during the four years ending June 30, 1910, 1,597 were denied admission; 750 on the ground that they were likely to become public charges; 447 because they had trachoma; 112 because of loathsome or contagious disease; 177 on surgeon's certificate of mental or physical defects; 73 because they were contract laborers; 2 because idiotic; 2 criminals; 34 because they were polygamists.

UNSKILLED LABORERS

Of those who were investigated by the Immigration Commission, it was found that 85 per cent. had been farmers and farm laborers in India. Of the others, some had been soldiers, some business men, and a somewhat larger number, laborers in other lines. Usually they have little money in their possession when they arrive, and come with the expectation of accumulating a fortune of some $2,000, then going back to their native land. Some of them express dissatisfaction with the British Government in India, but it can by no means be said that they are fleeing from political oppression.

Usually they have come without their families, but