The second improvement consists in a new combination of animal and vegetable matters with soap; and, likewise, in a method of depriving those matters of their color and smell; which is also applicable for decoloring and purifying grease, oils, and resin.

The animal matters, above alluded to, are bones, in a rough state, hoofs, horns, &c., which are, in the first place, purified by immersion in lime water; and, after being washed in clean water, are boiled, in a suitable vessel, until all the fat is separated from them. The fat is deprived of its color and smell, by boiling it with alumina and animal charcoal, and is then passed through a filter into a soap copper, and employed in the manufacture of soap. The animal matters are now dried, and ground into a fine powder, and the gelatine or glutinous matter is extracted from them, by boiling in water; when the gelatine has been removed, the animal matters, remaining, are boiled in water, acidulated with alum, or muriatic or sulphuric acid, and thereby dissolved. The liquid, thus produced, is filtered, and added to the gelatine, and the mixture, after being purified in the same way as the fat, is ready for making soap.

If the soap, manufactured from these materials, is required to be very white, the soap copper is charged with one-third of lime water, and two-thirds of purified grease, oil, or animal matters; the mixture is then boiled up gently, and chloride of lime is introduced, either in the state of vapour, or liquid. After boiling three or four hours, the water is pumped out of the copper, the requisite quantity of lees introduced, and the soap is finished in the usual

manner.

The vegetable matters, such as potatoes, &c., after being well washed, are thrown into a wooden vat, furnished with steam-pipes, and boiled to a jelly, which is strained through sieves, to separate the husks; or, the vegetable matters are rendered thoroughly dry, and ground in a mill; and the fecula or farinaceous portions, being separated from the husks, by sifting, are moistened with warm water, and reduced to the consistence of a thin paste, which is well stirred, to prevent it from setting or becoming stiff until it

is thoroughly mixed. A quantity of alum, of the same weight as the fecula, is dissolved in water, and added to the paste; this mixture is reduced to a jelly, by boiling, and then a like quantity of soda is gradually stirred in, and the mixture is boiled again until the soda is entirely dissolved. The water is then separated from it, by means of a sieve, and the substance, remaining in the sieve, is added to the soap in the crutching pan, or in the copper, after the soap is "fitted."

These compositions are mixed with the grease, oil, or tallow, used in making soap, in the proportions of from 20 to 25 per cent.

The new method of manufacturing candles and sealingwax, consists in boiling gelatine with alumina and ivoryblack, or animal charcoal, (in the proportions of 1 part of alumina, and 1 part of ivory-black, or animal charcoal, to 18 parts of gelatine,) for the purpose of purifying and whitening it. The gelatine is then filtered, and an equal proportion of resin, purified and prepared in the manner before described, is added thereto; after which, it is boiled with tallow or wax, and made into candles or sealing-wax.

Chloride of lime, in the state of vapour, or liquid, may be beneficially used in making candles and sealing-wax, in the manner described in the soap process.

The patentee claims, as his invention, the method of preparing lees, above described, together with the various combinations of materials, above mentioned, to be used in the manufacture of soap, candles, and sealing-wax.- [Inrolled in the Inrolment Office, September, 1842.]

TO WILLIAM GROUNSELL, of Louth, in the county of Lincoln, machine-maker, for improvements in apparatus for drilling corn, grain, pulse, and manure.-[Sealed 12th June, 1839.]

THE first part of these improvements consists in an apparatus, to be applied to the ordinary drilling-machines, to

enable them to drill seed and manure at intervals, and not in a continuous stream, as heretofore.

The apparatus is shewn in Plate XIII., at fig. 1; it consists of a long lever a, attached to a shaft b, at the front part of the machine, and suspended, at its hind end, by a chain c; in order that when the coulter d, which is fastened. to it, meets with a large stone, or other obstacle, the lever may rise, and allow the coulter to pass over it. e, is the coulter-pipe, by which the seed and manure are deposited, at intervals, in the drills; this pipe is carried by the lever a, and the discharge of the seed and manure is regulated by means of a slide f, or by the valve g, fig. 2. When the slide is used, it works in a slit, at the lower part of the coulter-pipe, and is attached, by a pin-joint, to the lever h; whereas the valve acts against the bottom of the coulterpipe, and is formed in one piece with the lever h.

The following is the mode by which the slide or valve is worked:-Upon one of the running-wheels of the machine a ring is fastened, with a number of studs projecting from its side; these are fixed at equal distances apart, and each, as the wheel revolves, strikes against the curved end of a short lever, fixed upon an axis at the front of the machine. From this axis another lever projects, furnished with a hook at its end, and connected, by a chain, with the hooked lever i, which, by means of the rod j, communicates motion to the lever h, causing it to turn on its axis and withdraw the slide or valve; the lever h, is afterwards returned to its first position by the weight k. When the machine is moved backwards, the studs act beneath the curved end of the short lever, and cause that end to rise, (turning on a pivot,) without motion being given to the axis on which the lever is fastened; by this means the discharge of seed and manure is prevented, until the machine is again drawn for

wards.

The second improvement, which is represented at fig. 3, consists in a mode of supplying manure to the funnels or hoppers of drilling machines. 7, is the receptacle for the seed; m, the manure-chest; and n, a revolving shaft, which carries a series of arms o, widened at their outer ends, in 2 F

VOL. XXII.

the direction of the length of the shaft. In the ordinary machines spoons or ladles have been used, instead of these arms, to throw the manure over the shaft n, into the funnel or hoppers of the coulter-pipe; but, in this instance, the shaft is turned in the opposite direction, and the projecting arms simply push the manure into the funnels.

The patentee claims, Firstly,-the mode of constructing drilling machines, by applying valves or slides, and suitable apparatus for working the same, as above described. Secondly, the mode of applying manure to the funnels or hoppers of drilling machines, as above described.-[Inrolled in the Inrolment Office, December, 1839.]

TO WILLIAM NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery-lane, in the county of Middlesex, civil engineer, for an invention of certain improvements in regulating the flow of air and gaseous fluids,-being a communication.-[Sealed 25th February, 1842.]

THIS invention consists of a peculiar construction of apparatus, in which, upon the slightest increase of pressure from the air or gas passing through it, the flow of the said air or gas is restricted and regulated in a novel manner, until the extra pressure has ceased.

In Plate XIII., fig. 1, is a vertical section, taken through the middle of the apparatus. Fig. 2, is a horizontal section of the same, taken in the line A, B, of fig. 1. Fig. 3, is a top or horizontal view, the lid or cover being removed; and fig. 4, is another horizontal section, taken in the line C, D, of fig. 1.

The working parts of the apparatus are contained within the metal casing a, a, a, a, which is furnished with a moveable lid or cover b, b. An annular moveable bell-shaped ́vessel c, c, c, c, is placed in the interior of the metal casing a, a, covering the aperture d, d, by which the gas or air enters, and through which its flow or passage is regulated, by means of the conical end e, of the hollow tube f,f, which

is suspended, by means of the metal rod or chain g, from the inside of the bell-shaped vessel c, c. The aperture d, d, is formed at the upper circular end of the metal cylinder h, h, h, h. This cylinder is supported by the annular chamber or gallery i, i, i, i, and when once placed in its proper situation, it remains stationary, and is prevented from moving laterally, or out of its position, by the small blocks j, j. The apparatus is supplied with water from above, by removing the lid or cover b, b, and its level inside is seen by means of the glass tube k, k, outside the casing.

All the different parts of the apparatus, that are to be filled with water, are made to communicate with each other, the water passing, from the upper to the lower part, through the holes 1, 1, 1, 1, seen in fig. 4; and when the apparatus requires emptying, the water is allowed to flow out through the aperture m, by removing the screw. The bell-shaped vessel c, c, is suspended by rods or chains n, n, from the ends of the levers o, o, and the weight of the vessel c, together with the hollow tube f, f, is counter-balanced by the weights p, p, at the opposite ends of the levers o, o. Gas or air flows into the apparatus from the pipe q, and passes up the annular space r, r, r, r, in the direction of the arrows, and through the aperture d, d, into the upper part of the vessel c, c; from thence it passes down the annular passage t, t, and finally escapes from the apparatus through the pipe u. If the pressure of the air or gas into the apparatus is too great for the consumption, then it presses on the surface of the water, and against the domed. part of the vessel c, c, thereby causing the latter to rise and draw the conical end e, of the hollow tube ƒ,ƒ up into the aperture d, d, which contracts the same, and prevents so great a quantity of gas from entering the vessel c, c. When, by the issue of the gas from the apparatus, the equilibrium or proper pressure is restored, then the vessel c, c, sinks again, and allows the conical end of the tube f,f, to descend also from the aperture d, and permit the gas to enter the apparatus as before.

The patentee does not confine himself to the precise