ern portion from the Mississippian and the Pennsylvanian formations. Wells are being drilled on untried territory in Martin, Monroe, Lawrence, Jackson, Jennings and other counties. Much untried territory lies in the State, but it is possible to determine the structural conditions only in the non-glaciated region.

NATURAL GAS

The largest natural gas area in Indiana lies in the eastern portion of the State, in the counties of Delaware, Blackford, Jay, Madison, Hancock, Henry and Randolph. Gas has recently been obtained from wells in Lawrence county and in the southwestern oil field in Pike and Gibson counties. The eastern gas field of Indiana reached the peak of production in 1902, when the value of the gas produced was more than 7 million dollars. At the present time the value of its production is somewhat under one million dollars. tried territory exists in the State and lends encouragement to the hope that production may again soon be on the increase.

Much un

The largest amount of gas has been found in the Trenton sands. Some has been obtained from the Corniferous, some from the Mississippian and some from the Pennsylvanian rocks.

PEAT.

Many of the shallow lakes, marshes and ponds which. were left on the surface of northern Indiana following the retreat of the glacial invasion were later filled with an accumulation of vegetable, matter. This vegetable matter was gradually transformed into péat, the socalled first stage in the formation of coal. The workable peat beds cover approximately 36,000 acres and contain nearly 3 billion cu.ft. Enormous fuel values are represented in this resource, as well as mull, which may be used as an absorbent, packing material, deodorizer, fertilizer filler, in the manufacture of gas, coke and ammonia.

CEMENT

Indiana ranks second among the States in the production of cement, producing more than three times as much as it consumes, though it consumes annually more than one barrel per capita. Portland cement is the principal kind produced, but a small amount of natural cement is manufactured. There are five active plants, located at Buffington, Stroh, Syracuse, Speed and Mitchell, and one under construction at Limedale. The materials used are surface clays, marl from the lakes, slag from the iron smelters, hydraulic limestone from the Devonian formation and shale and limestone

from the Mississippian formation. With the present capacity, under normal conditions the production of cement in Indiana, would exceed 10 million barrels. BUILDING STONE

Indiana has attained an enviable position among the States of the Union as a producer of high-grade building stone. The oölitic limestone from the Salem formation, which is known as Indiana, Bedford or oölitic limestone, is highly praised by architects and builders and is widely used in the erection of both public and private buildings. Its uniform gray color, fineness of grain, freedom from planes of weakness, ease of carving, strength and durability recommend it to the builder. The best grades contain from 98 to 99 per cent of calcium carbonate and possess a crushing strength of 7000 lb. per sq.in. Two of the counties, Lawrence and Monroe, contain 36 large quarries which produce more than 70 per cent of all of the limestone used in the United States for building purposes. Fifty-five large mills prepare the stone for the market, handling more than 10 million cu.ft. per year. A recent order received by these mills includes enough dressed stone to fill 700 cars. The value of the stone for this contract is a little under one million dollars and it all goes into a single building.

The Indiana oölitic limestone has been used in nearly every State in the Union. It has been used in at least five State Capitol buildings, Indiana, Illinois, Georgia, New Jersey and Mississippi. The area occupied by this stone extends from Putnam county to the Ohio River, and its outcrop varies in width from a few rods to 14 miles. Its maximum thickness is about 100 ft. The Niagara limestone is a bedded stone which is quarried extensively in Indiana and is used for flagging, curbing, foundations, ashlar, piers, abutments and other purposes.

CERAMICS

Indiana produces a variety of ceramic wares, common, front, vitrified, ornamental and fire brick, totaling in value about 350 million dollars annually. Drain tile, encaustic tile, fireproofing, terra cotta, sewer pipe and stove lining are other important products. Pottery products manufactured are red earthenware, stoneware, yellow and Rockinham ware, white ware, C. C. ware, white granite, semi-porcelain, sanitary ware and porcelain electrical ware.

Indiana ranks sixth in ceramic production. The materials used in this industry in Indiana are the Knobstone shales, the Chester shales, the shales of the Pennsylvanian formation, the under or fire clays, gla

cial till and kaolin. The Chester shales are used only to a limited extent, but their quality warrants a much more extensive utilization. The Pennsylvanian shales are used at Terre Haute in the manufacture of hollow block building tile, radial chimney blocks, partition tile, flue linings, drain tile, roof tile and paving brick and for many other purposes.

At Brazil the clay plants use fire clay from under the coal in the manufacture of front brick, sewer pipe, conduits, silo blocks, interlocking glaze tile and hollow blocks.

Some glacial till and shale are also used. The Knobstone shales are used at Martinsville, Brooklyn and other places. Surface clay and glacial till are used in the northern part of the State in the manufacture of drain tile and some other products.

LIME

Both quick and hydrated lime are manufactured in Indiana.

The limestones used for the manufacture of lime include the Niagara, the Mitchell and the Salem. There are other limestones, such as some of the limestones of the Chester group, which are suitable and have been used locally for lime. There are also deposits of marl which could be used for this purpose. The lime produced in Indiana is used in a number of industries, for building lime, glass manufacture, chemical lime, paper manufacture, sugar refining, tanning and agriculture. The production exceeds 100,000 tons per year. A portion is magnesian lime and a portion high calcium lime.

The Niagara limestone contains from 50 to 53 per cent of calcium carbonate and from 7 to 45 per cent of magnesium carbonate. The average of 5 samples contained 66.12 per cent of calcium carbonate and 26.38 per cent of magnesium carbonate.

The Salem or oölitic limestone contains for an average of five samples 98.11 per cent of calcium carbonate and 0.84 per cent of magnesium carbonate. The Mitchell limestone contains for an average of five samples 98.06 per cent of calcium carbonate and 0.45 per cent of magnesium carbonate.

GRAVEL AND SAND

The invasion of ice during the glacial period left in its wake in Indiana not alone destroyed or reversed drainages but large quantities of sand and gravel which have been of great value to the State. Building sand, ballast sand, foundry sand, glass sand, paving and other sands are well distributed and the production is more than 3 million tons a year. The annual production of gravel exceeds 2 million tons, the greater part of which is obtained from the glacial deposits. In the unglaciated region some gravel is obtained from the Mansfield grit and from residual chert gravels produced by the weathering of the bedrock formations. Many of the streams which cross the non-glaciated area have their valleys filled with sand and gravel carried from the glaciated area.

This valley filling amounts in places to more than one hundred feet.

MARL

A secretion of white calcium carbonate, secreted largely by the plant Chara, accumulates on the floors of the lakes in Indiana and forms, with a slight mixture of clay and fine sand, beds of marl. The area extent

A COAL MINE WHICH PRODUCED 128 CARS, 6128 TONS, OF COAL IN 8 HR.-THE AMERICAN MINE AT BICKNELL, KNOX COUNTY, INDIANA

of the available marl beds of Indiana is approximately 7500 acres containing approximately 137,133,333 cubic yards.

The marls of Indiana furnish the calcium carbonate used in the manufacture of portland cement. They are suitable for the manufacture of quicklime, agricultura! lime and other purposes.

KAOLIN

A variety of halloysite called "Indianaite" occurs in more than half a dozen counties. The most important deposits are found in Martin and Lawrence counties. The kaolin has been used in the manufacture of ceramic wares, alum cake and for other purposes. A part of the deposit consists of a pure crystalline variety, but a great deal of it is stained a mahogany red by iron. oxide.

The white kaolin is suitable for use in the manufacture of paper, paint pigments, ultramarine, filters, absorbents and buffing powders. The kaolin occurs at several horizons in the Mississippian formation and at the contact between the Mississippian and the Pennsylvanian formations.

MINERAL WATERS

There are many important mineral springs in Indiana. About 20 of them sell about $500,000 worth of water per year.

At seven of the springs there are hotel accommodations for more than 2500 persons. Much of the water is sold for medicinal use. Favorite watering places are French Lick, West Baden, Trinity Springs and Martinsville.

OTHER RESOURCES

A fine grade of oil stones is produced from the sandstones of the Chester and the Mansfield groups. A factory for the manufacture of oil stones is located in the northern part of Orange county. Potash has been manufactured from shale in Clark county, but production is still in the experimental stage. Pyrite from which sulphur is obtained is a by-product of the mining of coal and may be obtained from shales. Paint pigments occur in limited quantities. A little gold and some precious stones have been obtained from the glacial drift in a few counties.

Chemical Industries of Indiana

BY F. O. ANDEREGG

IN THE Hoosier State industries of an organic nature

chemical concerns in Indiana the pharmaceutical industry stands out rather prominently, and of the several companies engaged in this industry Eli Lilly & Co. of Indianapolis does the biggest business. It manufactures a complete line of pharmaceutical products and several alkaloids such as emetine, colchicine, hydrastine, cephæline, sanguinarine, etc. It has made nearly all the atropine sulphate used in this country and in England during the war from jimson weed by a process of its own. This company also has a large biological department where a great variety of serums and antitoxins are made and distributed.

Eli Lilly & Co. has long appreciated the benefits to be derived from a research department and has equipped a fine building for its use. The science building is provided with an excellent assembly room for use of salesmen's schools and meetings of employees; it is available also for the use of local scientific societies which from time to time are invited to be the guests of this firm. An excellent library devoted largely to chemistry, physiology, botany, experimental medicine and other lines cognate to pharmacy is maintained for the use of the scientific staff.

LILLY & Co.'s CHEMICAL LABORATORIES

The second floor of the building is occupied by admirably equipped chemical laboratories for analytical and research work. Each analyst has an alcove which is practically a complete chemical laboratory in itself. Additional apparatus like balances, polariscopes, spectroscopes, refractometers, etc., are in specially built rooms readily available for use. A well-equipped electrochemical laboratory is installed on this floor. On the third floor there is a department of experimental medicine where the drugs and chemicals which cannot be standardized chemically are tested physiologically upon selected lower animals. Investigations are conducted extending over long periods of time having for their purpose the determination of the deterioration and keeping qualities of various pharmaceutical products. Laboratory research work on synthetic drugs

BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, BIOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, SWAN-MYERS CO., INDIANAPOLIS

CULTURE MEDIA LABORATORY, BIOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, SWAN-MYERS CO., INDIANAPOLIS

constitutes an important portion of the activity of the The science department of experimental medicine. building also provides quarters for an interesting laboratory for synthetical chemical research. With the installation of a noted expert in colloids this firm is preparing to carry on extensive research in the theoretical and practical development of this extremely important branch of chemistry.

As the inspection of crude vegetable drugs is a very important work in handling the enormous quantities of materials such as are necessary in manufacturing operations, the Lilly laboratories have maintained for the last 25 years an excellent botanical department which has quarters in the science building. The botanical laboratory proper contains large collections of authentic crude drug specimens, identified adulterations, substitutes, also standard herbarium specimens and an extensive collection of microscopic preparations of vegetable drugs. A conservatory is on the same floor for the purpose of propagating seedlings used in the study of medicinal plants and in work upon plant breeding. The botanical department, in addition to being charged with the inspection of crude drugs purchased for manufacturing, has also the supervision of extensive tracts of ground employed in raising drugs, and especially in experiments in drug plant breeding, with a view to improving the quantity of the medicinal principles.

OTHER LEADING CONCERNS

Another important concern also located in Indianapolis is the Swan-Myers Co. This firm manufactures a very complete line of pharmaceutical products which are used by the medical profession and by veterinaries. It also prepares a full line of biological products of a bacterial nature. The firm's products are sold throughout both Americas. The Pitman-Moore Co. is also located in the capital city and is engaged in the same sort of business, making a specialty of veterinary biological products. Other pharmaceutical concerns are the McCoy-Howe Pharmacal Co. of Indianapolis, the Lafayette Pharmacal Co. in the city of that name and the Central Pharmacal Co. of Seymour. Since the supply of chemicals from Germany has been cut off the Inland Alkaloid Co. of Tipton has perfected a number of processes for the manufacture of some of the mydriatic alkaloids. It has made notably large quantities of

atropine sulphate from stramonium or jimson weed. Its products are sold only through wholesalers.

OTHER PRODUCTS KEEP FIRMS BUSY

The Mishawaka Woolen Manufacturing Co. is engaged' in making woolen and rubber footwear and is solving some interesting chemical problems in making its goods wear longer and stand better the disintegrating effects of time.

Varnish and similar products are made by the wellknown concern of South Bend, the O'Brien Varnish Co. The Dodge Manufacturing Co. of Mishawaka has been engaged 100 per cent in war work. Besides manufacturing marine engines, gun carriages, conveyor systems for powder plants, it has been making aëroplane parts, using a waterproof adhesive developed in its own. plant and used in the construction of plywood. This plywood was used on the wings and fuselages of aëroplanes by both the Army and Navy. There is reason to believe the NC boats were made complete with Dodge veneer. This development grew out of trunk manufacture.

There are several plants distributed throughout central Indiana for the manufacture of strawboard. There is usually a large demand for this product, and the supply is limited only by the amount of raw material available.

Starch, glucose and by-products are made by the Union Starch & Refining Co. of Edinburgh.

There are many concerns engaged in the canning business. The most prominent of these is the Van Camp Co. of Indianapolis, which is also most interested in chemical control and development work. good example of the soft drink manufacture is the Centlivre Beverage Co. of Fort Wayne, which makes the well-advertised drink called "That's it."

A

This city is also the home of the Rub-No-More soaps. One of the most interesting firms engaged in organic chemical industry has been the Commercial Solvents Co. of Terre Haute, which has been using a unique method for producing acetone by the fermentation of carbohydrates which yield ethyl alcohol as the most important by-product.'

The Prest-O-Lite Co. of Indianapolis is engaged in the manufacture of products of an organic as well as electrochemical nature. The name, Prest-O-Lite, has been associated with automobile service for many years. The use of acetylene for lighting and its wider application in oxy-acetylene welding are well known. The gas from the action of water on carbide is dissolved in acetone and stored in steel cylinders packed with a charcoal and asbestos filler. The cylinders are manufactured in sizes suited to various uses. The phenomenal growth of the Prest-O-Lite battery plant is indicative of the favor it has won with the public for automobile starting and lighting uses. During the past three years the plant floor space has increased nearly ten times. A proposed addition during 1920 will bring the total to 280,000 sq.ft. It is anticipated that the increase in facilities will enlarge the capacity to about 3500 batteries per day by the end of this year. The lighting and starting batteries are employed as standard equipment on 35 makes of motor cars and trucks. The elements consist or Faure type plates. In their manufacture lead oxide paste is applied to lead antimony grids. After a period of "setting" in dilute sulphuric acid, during which

J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 11, 723, gives an account of this process.

the oxide is largely changed to sulphate, the positive plates are converted to lead peroxide and the negative to lead sponge by electrolysis. The positive and negative groups are assembled with wood separators of maximum porosity, thus preventing the lessening of capacity at low temperatures, as happens when partially porous material such as perforated hard rubber is used.

About 20 years ago Indiana ranked second among glass-producing States. With the decrease in supply of natural gas this industry suffered, although with the introduction of labor-saving machinery during the last few years it has begun to advance again. Two important firms making glass are the Ball Bros. Glass Co. of Muncie, which makes a specialty of glass jars for household use, and the Fairmount Glass Works of Indianapolis, which makes a variety of glass bottles. The United States Encaustic Tile Co. of Indianapolis makes some very beautiful decorative art mosaic, tiles and bricks.

CEMENT

Located at Mitchell in the southern part of the state are two 10-kiln plants of the Lehigh Cement Co. with a capacity of two and a quarter million barrels of cement a year. The raw materials are from the Mississippian formation and include the massive Mitchell series limestone and the Knobstone (or New Providence) shales. These rocks are made into a cement which is notable for its whiteness and is in special demand for sidewalks and curbing.

This Mitchell limestone is of a very high quality, running consistently better than 96 per cent pure calcium carbonate. It is made into high-grade chemical and hydrated lime by the Mitchell Lime Co. of Chicago. The purity of this material makes a very even slaking lime well adapted for a great variety of chemical reactions. In making the hydrated material exactly the right amount of water is scientifically added. Then the very finely divided hydroxide is separated from any grit by air separation and is packed in 50-lb. sacks, which are very carefully sealed, preventing appreciable deterioration. The company's products are used very successfully in the manufacture of soap, paper, rubber, varnish, insecticides, also in oil refining, the dehairing of hides, sanitation and water purification.

A very interesting alloy is made at Kokomo by the Ellwood-Haynes Stellite Co. It contains cobalt and chromium somewhat analagous to nichrome and seems to have many of the properties of that alloy in regard to its resistance to the action of most chemicals. But it has other unique properties, the most important of which is its extreme hardness. Stellite does not lose its characteristic hardness even at red heat, making it probably the best high-speed tool metal known. Its chemical and electrical properties are being tested in the laboratories of the Purdue University, and it offers promise of many useful applications in both of these industries.

A good example of the testing laboratories of the State is furnished by the Fort Wayne Testing Laboratory Co., which carries out a great variety of chemical and physical tests and plant control experiments involving metals, fuels, foods, cement, water, etc.

The chemical industries of the northwestern part of the State are not taken up in this article, since they belong with the Chicago district as described in an article elsewhere in this number.