salts and soaps of lead, manganese, cobalt, iron and zinc, also aluminum salts and calcium and magnesium stearate and oleate.

The Chicago Copper & Chemical Co. produces barium salts, glaubers salts and sodium sulphide.

The Victor Chemical Co. has a large plant at Chicago Heights. Among other products, the company manufactures at the present time monocalcic and dicalcic phosphate, monosodium and disodium phosphate, monoammonium and di-ammonium phosphate, phosphoric acid, epsom salts, sulphuric acid and oxalic acid. Oxalic acid is one of the latest additions to its line and is made by the synthetic process, which is claimed to produce an acid of superior strength and purity.

The Dearborn Chemical Co. has found Chicago a most convenient place to build up an extensive business

in their opinions as to the advisability of certain chemical manufactures.

Armour & Co. manufacture anhydrous ammonia, soap, glue, glycerine, fatty acids, animal fertilizers (tankage, bone meal), acid phosphate and rock phosphate. They refine and hydrogenate oils for lard substitutes, etc.

Morris & Co. make anhydrous ammonia, glycerine, fatty acids and refined and hydrogenated oils.

Swift & Co. manufacture soap, glycerine, fatty acids, glue, acid phosphate and mixed fertilizers, refined and hydrogenated oils, and oxygen.

The chemical activities of Wilson & Co. are confined to refining and hydrogenating oils, manufacturing fertilizers and glue.

Abbatoir pharmaceuticals are manufactured by

It is also

in boiler compounds and water treatment. manufacturing an interesting rust inhibitor, which consists of a petrolatum-like product with the rust-inhibiting compounds emulsified therein.

The Illinois Match Co. has a factory at Joliet. The Illinois Glass Co. has a large plant at Alton and a small one at Chicago Heights, Ill., for the production of bottles. The glass at the Alton plant is produced by the continuous process. New equipment has been developed for this plant for the machine blowing of very large bottles.

PACKING-HOUSE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES

The location of packing-house interests in Chicago. has led to the growth of extensive chemical manufacturing along the lines of soap, glue, glycerine, fertilizers, etc. All of the packers are working with cottonseed, soya bean and other vegetable oils in addition to the fats. It is interesting to note that not all of the packers do the same things. They appear to differ

Armour & Co. and by the Hollister-Wilson Co., which has just completed a new plant. Both firms manufacture digestive ferments, organic extracts and organotherapeuticals.

There are a number of soap manufacturers in Chicago who operate independently of oil or fat manufacture. Typical of these are Fitzpatrick Bros., James S. Kirk & Co. and the Allen B. Wrisley Co.

Similarly situated are glue and fertilizer manufacturers who purchase their raw materials from various sources. The United Chemical & Organic Products Co. at West Hammond, Ill., manufactures gelatine, glue, fertilizers, etc.

Fairbank Co. have a large plant in Chicago for the refining of oils. Their principal source is the cottonseed oil from their own mills in the South. Here they refine and hydrogenate cottonseed and other vegetable oils and distill fatty acids, producing soap products, glycerine, lard compounds, cooking oil and salad oil. It is especially interesting to note that the American Cotton Oil Co. has established a research department which is on an equal basis with the production department and sales department. Research for all of the plants is carried on here.

MISCELLANEOUS ORGANIC INDUSTRIES

The Corn Products Refining Co. has a large factory at Argo. Here it produces starches, dextrines, corn syrup, corn sugar and corn oil for industrial purposes, as well as salad and cooking oil.

The Redmanol Chemical Co. produces its anhydrous phenol resin. Using this as a base it molds a great variety of products ranging from cigar holders to electrical insulating materials. It has recently perfected a cold molding compound.

The Abbott Laboratories was originally a producer of alkaloids for medical use. In addition to the extraction and purification of alkaloids it now manufactures a number of synthetic organic pharmaceuticals. These include the Dakin antiseptics-chlorazene, dichloramine T, chlorcosane (a solvent for dichloramine T) and

oil is refined at its central refinery and various grades of benzol, toluol, solvent naphtha, etc., produced. Ultimately the company plans to have its own by-product coke ovens.

The Barrett Co. has a plant in Chicago for the refinery of coke-oven tar. Here it separates the pitch, light oil and heavy oil. Further refining of the light oil into benzol, etc., is taken care of at Eastern plants of the company.

Chicago has a number of rubber manufacturers. The Inland and the Century Rubber companies produce tires. The United States Rubber Co. (the Mechanical Rubber Co.) has a large plant producing belting, hose and molded soft rubber goods. The Dryden Rubber Co. produces molded goods and auto tubes and is contemplating engaging in the manufacture of tires.

The Essenkay Products Co. produces rubber substitutes-vulcanized oils-which are used in the rubber trade as well as for erasers, tire fillers, bath sponges, etc.

The field of dyestuffs is covered by three plants in Illinois in addition to the Lindsay Light Co., already mentioned. The Sherwin-Williams plant at Pullman is producing a great many of the dyes and intermediates formerly imported. Among the products are beta naphthol, mono-acid, Schaffer salt, R salt, G salt, Tobias acid, trisulphonic acid, acet-toluide, anthranilic acid, ponceau 5 R, lake orange B, lake red D, lake red

halazone.

It is also producing procaine (novocaine) and dimethyl barbituric acid (veronal). Burke & James sensitize photographic paper and films.

The Carus Chemical Co. in La Salle, Ill., manufactures saccharine, chloramine T and potassium permanganate.

An interesting plant, which has duplicates at other points in the United States, is the carbon dioxide plant of the Liquid Carbonic Co. Here power is obtained as a by-product. Coke is burned under boilers, the flue gas is scrubbed with water and absorbed in alkaline solution in large absorbing towers. The solution is then heated, the CO, driven off, collected, and compressed to 1000 lb. per sq.in. in cylinders. The steam produced by burning the coke runs the compressor and leaves a surplus for other purposes.

The Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co. has installed four light oil reclaiming plants to save the benzene, toluene, etc., produced in its water gas plants. The recovered

C, scarlet 3 R, scarlet 2 RR, naphthol yellow S, pigment scarlet 3 B, orange GG, alizarine yellow GB, alizarine yellow G, alizarine yellow RW, alizarine brown 3 R, alizarine brown B, crocein scarlet, orange Y, brilliant orange 4 GR, scarlet 2 RG, fast red TEX, fast red A, fast red 3 BX, fast red 6 BX, lake red P pulp, litho fast orange O, graphic red R pulp, graphic red Y pulp, brilliant crimson No. 10, chrome black B, chrome black JB, acid claret B, fast acid milling black, methyl violet, paraphenylenediamine, ursol DB, ursol P, leather brown, fuchsine X, XX, XXX, XXXX, fuchsine crystals, alkali blue, spirit blue, soluble blue. It has also an acetic acid plant.

The Monroe Color & Chemical Co. at Quincy was forced into dyestuff manufacture to keep up a flourishing package dye business which had been built up on imported material. It is now making H acid, benzidine, dinitrobenzene, metaphenylene, diamine, benzo blue BB, navy blue, diamine green, brigot green, benzo orange, benzo purpurine and Monroe direct black, and

is able to supply its own needs and have a surplus for sale.

Dicks, David & Heller, at Chicago Heights, have been manufacturing since July, 1917, starting with fuchsine. They are now making fuchsine crystals, alkali blue, soluble blue, water blue, phosphine, malachite green and metinol yellow and are having success in foreign markets formerly filled with German products.

The Special Chemicals Co., Highland Park, was organized to produce certain unusual chemicals practically unobtainable in this country since the war. Among its products are a number of the rare bacteriological sugars and their alcohols such as inulin, glactose, levulose, xylose, dulcite and mannite. The company maintains a research department and expects constantly to add to the list of sugars now available. It also manufactures such chemicals as dimethylglyoxime, nitroso-beta-naphthol, cupferron, potassium cyanate and chemically pure uric acid. The raw material for this last named product was formerly sent from this country to Germany, manufactured there into pure uric acid, and subsequently resold in this country. It is just this condition of affairs that Special Chemicals Co. hopes to help correct.

Several firms whose main line is far from chemical have gone into chemical manufacture to fill special needs.

Sears, Roebuck & Co. have a paper mill with a capacity of 17 tons per day. Its waste paper furnishes the raw material for the production of paper suitable for wall paper. Mineral pigments are made, and organic lakes precipitated for wall paper colors.

The Western Electric Co., while not ordinarily considered in speaking of chemical manufacture, is conducting chemical operations of considerable magnitude and interest. This company has an extensive hard rubber department manufacturing rod, sheet, telephone receivers, etc.; a metal finishing division doing plating, sherardizing and Bower-Barff work; and a cable sheathing department producing about 40,000 tons of lead alloys per year. The production of ceramic insulation has been started and is likely to develop to considerable proportions. The most interesting development, however, is the refining of iron electrolytically. The plant for this purpose produces about seven tons per week. So far as known this is the only commercial plant in operation in the United States.

REFINERIES

Two refineries are located in the Chicago-Gary district, that of the Standard Oil Co. at Whiting and that of the Sinclair Refining Co. at East Chicago. The Whiting plant has a capacity of 35,000 bbl. of crude petroleum per day and the East Chicago plant of 6500 bbl. The crude petroleum is pumped direct from the Mid-continent field through two pipe lines that enter Illinois just north of Keokuk, Ia., and lead directly to these two refineries. The usual great variety of refinery products originate here, and the plants are interesting rather on account of the scale of their operation than because of unusual methods and equipment.

CLAY PRODUCTS

In the 24 ceramic plants in Cook County, Illinois, and the one in Lake County, Indiana-the two counties in which the Chicago-Gary district is included-well

over $5,000,000 worth of brick and tile products and about $200,000 worth of pottery products, making in all a total of more than $5,500,000 for the ceramic industries, are manufactured. Common brick makes ur somewhat more than half of the total value and architectural terra cotta, fireproofing, drain tile, floor tile, red earthen ware and sanitary ware are among the many other varieties of clay products manufactured in this district.

The North Western Terra Cotta Co. has the only terra cotta plant in the district. Ordinary clays from Indiana and crucible clays from all over the United States go into their 25,000 tons of terra cotta and the 100,000 high-grade smelting crucibles produced annually.

The Harbison-Walker Refractories Co. of East Chicago is equipped to make 100,000 silica brick daily. Its raw silica is quartzite from the Devils Lake (Baraboo) district of Wisconsin.

The abundance of ordinary raw clays in the surrounding district, the ease with which fuel and special raw materials are obtainable, and the large and growing market afforded by the industries and large population make of Chicago and its vicinity an admirable location for ceramic industries.

STONE, SAND AND GRAVEL

About $2,000,000 represented the value of stone produced in Chicago and immediate vicinity for 1917 and about one-third of a million dollars was the value of the sand and gravel.

Just about one-half the stone was used for concrete and about one-tenth for flux. Rubble, riprap, road making, railroad ballast, flux and fertilizers make up the uses of the remainder. Practically the whole of the million tons of sand and gravel produced in 1917 went into construction work.

Chicago district is that of the United States Crushed One of the largest quarries for crushed stone in the

Stone Co. at McCook, about one mile west of Summit. Unusual features in machinery, equipment and methods of production make this plant of exceptional interest to other producers everywhere and to consumers of crushed rock.

SUMMARY

It is hoped that the reader will get some idea of the number and magnitude of the problems of chemical industry that are being solved in this region. Great as the development has been, it is only a beginning. Unequalled transportation facilities, a plentiful supply of fuel, space for development without a limit and a wonderful agricultural region to feed industrial populations are economic forces that are all working in favor of this district.

A dependable estimate of the total value of the industries in the Chicago-Gary district would be exceedingly difficult if not impossible to make. However, statistics are available which go to show that in Lake County, Indiana, and Cook County, Illinois, the value of the stone, lime, sand and gravel, clay products, mineral paint, pigments, cement, coke and steel reached easily the $300,000,000 mark in 1917. If statistics for the inorganic chemicals, the refinery products, the metallic products outside of steel and a number of smaller industries that could be classed as mineral were included, who knows but the estimate would be double?

Iron and Steel Plants Near Chicago

G

BY ERNEST EDGAR THUM

ARY comes first to mind when thinking of ferrous metallurgical plants near Chicago, but it should not be forgotten that many years before Gary was planned a very large and modern plant was operated at South Chicago by the Illinois Steel Co. Perhaps it was a knowledge of the operating cost and technical results attained at South Chicago which impelled the big men of the Steel Corporation to locate the huge Indiana Steel Co. and its affiliated operations a few miles southeasterly on Lake Michigan. Half way between point of origin of Pennsylvania coal and Lake Superior iron ores, closely adjacent to tremendous bituminous fields in the North Central States, with ample fluxes and refractories close at hand, with a large industrial center near by to use as a labor reservoir, in the center of wide agricultural districts to be used as a food store, served by unexampled railroad facilities and by water transport second only to a highly developed ocean port, this situation is well nigh ideal for large-scale operations in steel.

The South Chicago works of the Illinois Steel Co. are somewhat congested and lack orderly arrangement owing to the fact that the company started many years ago and built its plant as the demand for its products increased. However, the concern is officered by men of most progressive ideas, and its metallurgical practice has always been of the best-witness the fact that its was the pioneer in the production of electric steels in quantity, and has recently developed the triplex process-converter to open-hearth to electric-to a largetonnage commercial success.

The company's plants at Chicago, Joliet and Milwaukee include 17 blast-furnaces, 8 converters, 35 openhearth, and 3 electric furnaces. Its pig iron is largely consumed in its own steel making operations, whose ingots are rolled in 26 rail, merchant, bar and structural mills, eventually finding a market as rails, sheets and shapes. Its rail mills are especially noteworthy, being equipped with every possible labor-saving device -indeed, the rolling of the heavy rails required by American roads would be utterly impossible without most adequate mechanical handling equipment.

MECHANICAL HANDLING OF Ore at GARY Mechanical handling, especially of incoming ore, is utilized to the fullest extent at Gary. The methods are indeed not unique; but well repay study by one not familiar with modern methods in getting a heavy raw material like iron ore from a huge lake steamer into bin or stockpile. From the time the iron enters the plant as ore until it leaves as shape or billet, it is treated by mechanical and metallurgical equipment installed on a grand scale. The engineers who planned the Gary works were indeed fortunate in being able to start from the ground up, in having almost unlimited money at their command, and the best technical talent as associates. In this way they were able to plan not a series of departments but a huge machine, each part so designed to fit into its neighbor with the smoothest mesh and least lost motion.

Statistics of this largest of steel plants are more or less dry reading. Twelve blast-furnaces, 46 openhearth steel furnaces, 14 blooming, rail, plate and merchant mills, a 560-retort coke plant and a list of the

auxiliary departments would not give any comprehension of the magnitude of their operations.

Near by are associated a large number of steel-using manufacturing establishments, such as the closely affiliated American Bridge Co. While structural fabrication is somewhat foreign to metallurgy, still this company's excellent forge and annealing equipment will be of interest to those not attracted by the systematic way a large column or girder is assembled from a score of miscellaneous pieces. Seven high-speed steamhydraulic presses are used in forging bent pieces, ranging in capacity from 150 to 3000 tons, the latter

capable of turning out solid or hollow forgings weighing up to 50 tons. Twelve annealing furnaces of modern design make up the equipment in this department. OTHER STEEL COMPANIES

At Indiana Harbor, the Inland Steel Co. has two modern blast-furnaces in operation, one of which is interesting in that it ran 5 years on its last lining, producing approximately 1,000,000 tons of pig. Molten iron is delivered to twelve 60-ton basic open-hearth furnaces, and the resulting steel ingots are rolled in a 36-in. blooming mill and a variety of smaller mills to a number of different shapes. Production at this plant approximates 1,000,000 tons of steel per annum, exclusive of the tonnage of small sections which have been produced at its Chicago Heights works since 1893.

In this same vicinity (South Chicago) the International Harvester Co. operates 3 blast-furnaces, with a yearly production of 450,000 tons of pig iron, a bessemer converter and a 35-in. blooming mill, 3 merchant bar mills and a shafting mill with a combined output of 350,000 tons of finished shapes.

The Mark plant of the Steel & Tube Co. of America, at East Chicago, has only one blast-furnace, capacity 600 tons, but this is the largest in the country, being 15 per cent greater than any other. Steel is produced in open-hearth furnaces and is principally made into plates. The 30-in. universal plate mill holds a record for rolling more than 17,000 tons of plates in a month. The main mill tables are designed to shear plates. The mill is served by four 4-door regenerative heating fur

naces.

This completes the list of steel companies which produce iron direct from ore in blast-furnaces. Several other concerns in this vicinity operate open-hearth furnaces, using scrap, cold pig and ore as their ironbearing materials, while others, such as the Republic Iron & Steel Co. at East Chicago, produces a very sizable tonnage of merchant shapes from fagoted scrap.

ALLOYS AND CASTINGS

Among several companies, each of which deserves special attention, not possible in such a brief résumé of the subject, may be mentioned the three plants of the Interstate Iron & Steel Co., at South Chicago, Grand Crossing and East Chicago, specializing in alloy steels; the Hubbard Steel Foundry Co., at East Chicago, notable for high quality steel castings; the American Steel Foundries Co., and Standard Forgings Co., at Indiana Harbor, with a combined monthly output of 13,000 tons of car and locomotive parts and axles.

The Crane Co. operates two bessemer converters and one electric furnace; it is the largest manufacturer of valve iron in the world and during the war handled 700 tons of iron and steel a day in its three Chicago plants.

Raw Materal Resources of Indiana

BY W. N. LOGAN, PH.D.

State Geologist

ROM a commercial standpoint the ideal State would

FROM a permitted it at supply

its own needs. But it is a fact well established that no State lives to itself alone. But if during a world cataclysm such as we are experiencing an impenetrable barrier should be built about Indiana, the diversity of her natural resources and her manufacturing industries would enable her inhabitants to go forward toward the goal of self-preservation and self-realization. For Indiana has been favored with natural resources the variety, value and abundance of which are not realized by a large part even of her own citizens. In case of extreme isolation, Indiana could produce for her own needs enough coal, petroleum and its products, gas, iron, building stone, lime, cement, salt, fertilizers except phosphate, paint pigments, mineral dyes and by an expensive process aluminum. She would be without copper, nickel, lead, zinc, silver and platinum, though she could probably produce enough gold for front teeth filling.

The advance made in the utilization of some of these resources has been rapid, yet after more than a century of existence as a State many of its mineral resources remain latent or only meagerly developed.

FUEL

Because of the dependence of manufacturing and industrial development on fuel, this resource is of primary importance, and Indiana's possessions in coal, petroleum and natural gas place her in a position of great economic independence. Of coal, Indiana produces annually its five tons per capita, the per capita consumption of the United States, and a surplus of nearly two and one-half million tons. The coal beds of Indiana occupy an area of approximately 7000 sq.mi. in the western and southwestern parts of the State. One or more beds underlie the whole of sixteen counties and parts of ten others. According to Ashley the total amount of coal in Indiana approximates 50 billion tons.

Of this amount more than 13 billion tons is workable. The total amount which has been mined is about onehalf billion tons. Approximately 173 million tons are being mined each year, with a yearly increase between and million tons. The coals of Indiana rank well among the bituminous coals of the Interior basin. They contain a high moisture and volatile matter content and only a medium ash and sulphur content. Although belonging to the bituminous division, they contain a variety of high fuel value for domestic use called "block" coal because its laminated and jointed condition causes it to break up into large blocks; also a variety of cannel coal, which is a good gas producer. There are more than thirty beds of coal, nine of which are workable. The average thickness of the vein known as No. 5 is about 5 ft., and a maximum thickness of more than 10 ft. has been recorded. Indiana ranks sixth in the production of bituminous coal. One of its mines holds the world's record for the production of bituminous coal from one mine in a single day. The American mine located at Bicknell, Knox county, on Feb. 8, 1919, mined and loaded 6128 tons on 128 railroad cars in 8 hours.

PETROLEUM

A large amount of the petroleum produced in Indiana has come from the Indiana portion of what is known as the Lima-Indiana oil field. This includes, in Indiana, portions of Grant, Blackford, Huntington, Wells, Adams, Jay, Delaware, Madison and Randolph counties.

This field reached its highest production in 1904, when over 11 million barrels were produced in the State, the larger part from this field. The annual production for the State is still in excess of one and one-third million barrels. The southwestern Indiana field, extending from Martin county through Daviess, Pike and Gibson counties, is becoming an important field and will probably be extended. Sullivan county contains an area which is producing both oil and gas. The oil in the Lima field is obtained from the Trenton limestone. In the northern and southern parts of the State some oil is obtained from the Corniferous and in the southwest